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How rabies can lead to death if unvaccinated

Dec 10, 2024 Posted by admin General Health 0 comments

Overview

Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. In India rabies virus is usually transmitted through a bite especially stray dog, once a person begins showing signs and symptoms of rabies, the disease nearly always causes death. For this reason, anyone who may have a risk of contracting rabies should receive rabies vaccinations for protection. It causes symptoms like seizures, hallucinations and paralysis. Rabies is preventable if you’re vaccinated quickly after exposure. Once symptoms start, rabies is fatal.

There’s no approved treatment for rabies once you have symptoms. If you’ve been exposed to rabies (were bitten by or been in contact with an infected animal), contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible.

Clean the wound gently but thoroughly with soap and water. Ask your provider for additional instructions on cleaning the wound. Your provider will give you a series of shots (vaccinations) to prevent the virus from causing rabies. They’ll also give you an antibody treatment directly to the wound if you’ve never been vaccinated before.

Symptoms

Prodromal symptoms of rabies

Fever.
Tiredness (fatigue).
Bite wound burning, itching, tingling, pain or numbness.
Cough.
Sore throat.
Muscle pain.
Nausea and vomiting.
Diarrhea.

Acute neurologic symptoms of rabies

Neurological symptoms of rabies are either furious or paralytic. Furious rabies symptoms may come and go with periods of calm in between (furious episodes).

Furious rabies symptoms

Agitation and aggression.
Restlessness.
Seizures.
Hallucinations.
Muscle twitching (fasciculations).
- Fever.
- Racing heart (tachycardia).
- Fast breathing (hyperventilation).
- Excessive salivation.
- Two different-sized pupils (anisocoria).
- Facial paralysis (facial palsy).
- Fear of water/drinking (hydrophobia).
- Fear of air being blown in your face/drafts (aerophobia).
- Delirium.
Paralytic rabies symptoms
- Fever.
- Headache.
- Neck stiffness.
- Weakness, especially starting from the body part that was bitten and progressing to other body parts.
- Tingling, “pins and needles” or other strange sensations.
- Paralysis.
- Coma.

Causes

The rabies virus causes a rabies infection. The virus spreads through the saliva of infected animals. Infected animals can spread the virus by biting another animal or a person.

In rare cases, rabies can be spread when infected saliva gets into an open wound or the mucous membranes, such as the mouth or eyes. This could happen if an infected animal licked an open cut on your skin.

Animals that can transmit the rabies virus

Any mammal (an animal that suckles its young) can spread the rabies virus. The animals most likely to spread the rabies virus to people include:

Pets and farm animals

Cats
Cows
Dogs
Ferrets
Goats
Horses

Wild animals

Bats
Beavers
Coyotes
Foxes
Monkeys
Raccoons
Skunks
Woodchucks

In very rare cases, the virus has been spread to tissue and organ transplant recipients from an infected organ.

Diagnosis and Tests

Unlike most illnesses, you shouldn’t wait for symptoms to diagnose rabies. If you’ve been bitten or scratched by a wild animal or a pet that might have rabies, talk to your healthcare provider right away. They’ll examine your wound and ask questions to determine whether you need to be treated for rabies. You may also be tested for signs of rabies.

Your provider may ask you:

How you got hurt.
What kind of animal scratched or bit you.
Whether they can test or observe the animal.

If the animal could have rabies, it’ll be watched for signs or tested, if possible. Animals have to be euthanized (humanely killed) to test them.

What tests will be done to diagnose this condition?

Tests for rabies might include:

Saliva test. You’ll spit into a tube. It’ll be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
Skin biopsy. Your provider will take a small sample of skin from the back of your neck. Your skin sample will be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
Cerebrospinal fluid test (lumbar puncture). Your provider will use a needle to take a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from your lower back. Your CSF sample will be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
Blood tests. Your provider will use a needle to take blood from your arm. Your blood will be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
MRI. You’ll lie in a machine that takes pictures of your brain. Your provider will use the pictures to help determine what’s causing your symptoms.

Treatment

Once a rabies infection is established, there’s no effective treatment. Though a small number of people have survived rabies, the disease usually causes death. For that reason, if you think you’ve been exposed to rabies, you must get a series of shots to prevent the infection from taking hold.

Treatment for people bitten by animals with rabies

If you’ve been bitten by an animal that is known to have rabies, you’ll receive a series of shots to prevent the rabies virus from infecting you. If the animal that bit you can’t be found, it may be safest to assume that the animal has rabies. But this will depend on several factors, such as the type of animal and the situation in which the bite occurred.

Rabies shots include:

A fast-acting shot (rabies immune globulin) to prevent the virus from infecting you. This is given if you haven’t had the rabies vaccine. This injection is given near the area where the animal bit you if possible, as soon as possible after the bite.
A series of rabies vaccinations to help your body learn to identify and fight the rabies virus. Rabies vaccinations are given as injections in your arm. If you haven’t previously had the rabies vaccines, you’ll receive four injections over 14 days. If you have had the rabies vaccine, you’ll have two injections over the first three days.

Determining whether the animal that bit you has rabies

In some cases, it’s possible to determine whether the animal that bit you has rabies before beginning the series of rabies shots. That way, if it’s determined the animal is healthy, you won’t need the shots.

Procedures for determining whether an animal has rabies vary by situation. For instance:

Pets and farm animals. Cats, dogs and ferrets that bite can be observed for 10 days to see if they show signs and symptoms of rabies. If the animal that bit you remains healthy during the observation period, then it doesn’t have rabies and you won’t need rabies shots.
Other pets and farm animals are considered on a case-by-case basis. Talk to your doctor and local public health officials to determine whether you should receive rabies shots.
Wild animals that can be caught. Wild animals that can be found and captured, such as a bat that came into your home, can be killed and tested for rabies. Tests on the animal’s brain may reveal the rabies virus. If the animal doesn’t have rabies, you won’t need the shots.
Animals that can’t be found. If the animal that bit you can’t be found, discuss the situation with your doctor and the local health department. In certain cases, it may be safest to assume that the animal had rabies and proceed with the rabies shots. In other cases, it may be unlikely that the animal that bit you had rabies and it may be determined that rabies shots aren’t necessary.

Conclusion

Bringing awareness is as important as preventing the rabies spread. so if you have pets at home ensure they are vaccinated timely, as said prevention is better than cure. also if you come accross your friends looking for any kind of neurological disease treatment abroad you share us the latest reports via email query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp on +919880149003.

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Exophoria

Dec 6, 2024 Posted by admin Ophthalmology 0 comments

Overview

Exophoria is an eye condition in which one eye drifts uncontrollably outwards. Exophoria is a problem with eye coordination and may occur due to issues with the muscles and nerves that control eye movements. Your two eyes each see at slightly different angles. Your brain automatically blends the images from each eye to create a single image instead of double vision. With exophoria, one of your eyes drifts so far out of coordination with the other that your brain can’t blend the two images. The exact cause isn’t yet known, but the problem usually lies in the eye muscles. Exophoria symptoms usually first appear early in life, from elementary to high school. It tends to happen while you’re looking at things close to your eyes, like reading, writing, or using a computer. It’s also likely to happen while you cover one of your eyes. To find problems with eye coordination, they’ll likely perform a cover test. This involves covering one of your eyes slowly or quickly. They’ll observe your eye movements during the process. The doctor may put a prism near your eye to see if it improves your vision.Managing exophoria involves minimizing symptoms, while treating exophoria targets the underlying cause of the problem.In some cases of exophoria, specialized lenses or prisms are all it takes to manage symptoms and increase productivity. But in the vast majority of cases, the most effective way to manage and treat exophoria is a personalized vision therapy program coupled with specialized lenses.Vision therapy is a tailor-made set of eye exercises that help the eyes and brain work seamlessly as a team.

Symptoms

Symptoms of exophoria may include:

sore or tired eyes
rubbing the eyes
double vision
blurred vision
difficulty concentrating
difficulty reading, such as losing the place or the sensation of words floating around
headaches
squinting
closing one eye to see something

Depending on the type of exophoria, people may find it difficult to focus on objects close-up or in the distance.

Causes

Issues with eye coordination may occur due to poor eye muscle control. If eye muscle control does not develop properly, it can lead to poor coordination of the eyes. In some cases, eye coordination problems may occur due to injury or disease, although this is rare.

Muscles and nerves help to control eye movements. If these muscles and nerves do not communicate properly, it can lead to problems controlling eye movements. This may result in the eye drifting outward and being unable to turn inward enough.

Diagnosing Exophoria

An eye doctor can diagnose exophoria with a vision test. They’ll also ask about your symptoms.‌

To find problems with eye coordination, they’ll likely perform a cover test. This involves covering one of your eyes slowly or quickly. They’ll observe your eye movements during the process. The doctor may put a prism near your eye to see if it improves your vision.‌

A child’s first eye exam should take place when they’re six months old, again at age three, then before they start the first grade. School-offered eye exams don’t always test for exophoria and other eye coordination problems. Visit a vision specialist’s office to get a full exam.

Sometimes, a child with exophoria may be misdiagnosed with another condition like ADHD, learning disabilities, and dyslexia. These conditions have similar symptoms, like difficulty reading and concentrating. Exophoria isn’t always obvious. It may be the underlying reason for these symptoms.

Treatments for Exophoria

‌You can easily reverse exophoria with consistent treatment. Some common treatment methods include:

Glasses. You can get special glasses that have prisms in the lenses. These prisms can help reverse the outward eye movement of exophoria and lessen eye strain. Prism lenses ease symptoms, but they don’t fully fix exophoria.

Eye exercises. You may have to physically train your eyes to move in coordination with games and other tools. Some of these exercises can take place at home. One common exercise is a pencil push-up. With this exercise, you move a pencil towards your face from arm’s length and try to avoid seeing double as you look at it.

Other exercises can be more effective when they take place in a professional vision care office. A specialist can observe you while you perform exercises and keep track of your progress.

Outlook

Treatment can help to correct exophoria. With treatment, people may notice an improvement in eye coordination right away, or it may take 12 weeks or longerTrusted Source to notice improvements in vision.

People may also find that symptoms reoccur with a lack of sleep, illness, or activities that trigger their exophoria, such as focusing on close-up activities like reading or using a computer.

GTS in association with Ruby Hall clinic hospitals & Oman Family Physicians

Dec 1, 2024 Posted by admin Event 0 comments

If you come across with cases who require surgery or treatment abroad you can share us the latest reports via, email : query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp on +91 9880149003 the same our team will get back to you with best treatment opinion available with the top doctors from the major hospitals and assist you all the way through the treatment.

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Encephalocele – Congenital type of neural tube defect

Nov 25, 2024 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

An encephalocele is a rare congenital type of neural tube defect (NTD) where part of the skull has not formed properly during fetal development, so a portion of brain tissue and associated structures are outside the skull. The protruding sac may be covered with skin or it may be covered with a thin membrane can occur anywhere along the skull, but most common in the back of the head, top of the head, or between the forehead and nose with multiple complications like Buildup of fluid in the brain, loss of strength in the arms and legs, developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures. Encephaloceles can vary in size, from a small protrusion to a sphere that’s the same volume as the skull. If the encephalocele is large, the baby’s head may be too big to fit through the birth canal, which may require a cesarean section. Treatment usually happens shortly after birth or within the first few months to a year, depending on the size, location and effects the condition has on your baby. Children usually need more than one surgery to treat this condition. Surgery can also treat facial growth irregularities and hydrocephalus.

Types of encephalocele

The types of encephalocele identify the location of the opening in the skull:

Occipital: The lower back of your baby’s head.
Parietal: Top, nearest the back of your baby’s head.
Frontoethmoidal (also called sincipital): Near your baby’s forehead.
Sphenoidal: Front-middle or behind your baby’s eyes and in front of their ears.

In addition, you may hear your child’s healthcare provider mention two broader categories of encephalocele:

Anterior: Front of your child’s skull.
Posterior: Back of their skull.

Causes

A newborn with encephalocele will have a gap in their skull that isn’t closed. This causes a bulge or sac of brain tissue covered in skin coming out of the skull opening. This can look similar to a balloon coming out of your child’s head. Depending on where the skull opening is, the skin on the sac may have hair on it.

Most encephaloceles are congenital (meaning you’re born with it), but some can be acquired as a result of trauma, tumor or other rare conditions such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

The skull opening can happen anywhere on their head. It’s most common on the forehead or the lower back of their head near the base of your baby’s skull.

The exact reason why the neural tube doesn’t close completely is unknown. Research suggests it could be the result of:

A genetic change that happens during conception.
An infection (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus).
A neurological (brain or nerve) condition (like type 3 Chiari malformation).

An underlying medical condition may lead to encephalocele. These conditions include:

Walker-Warburg syndrome.
Knobloch syndrome.
Roberts syndrome.
Amniotic band syndrome.

Signs and symptoms

Headache.
Visual problems.
Muscle weakness in arms and legs.
A smaller-than-expected head size at birth.
Uncoordinated movements (ataxia).
Facial malformations.
Nasal obstruction.
Spinal fluid leaking from nose or ear.

Diagnosis and Tests

If the encephalocele is large, it may be seen on routine prenatal ultrasound, which may allow planning of a caesarean section if it could be risky to have the baby vaginally. Otherwise, in most cases an encephalocele will be visible at birth so is easily diagnosed. Very small encephaloceles, especially those in the nose/forehead area may not be so visible.

Once an encephalocele is suspected, the diagnosis will usually be confirmed with imaging scans, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This will allow doctors to see exactly how much of the skull is affected and whether the sac contains meninges or brain tissue or both.

As encephaloceles can be associated with other problems, so the doctors will examine the child closely to check if this is the case.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment for encephalocele is surgery to repair the skull and remove brain tissue that grew outside of the skull. Often, the portion of the brain that’s outside of the skull isn’t functional and can be removed. When the opening is small, sometimes, the brain can be gently moved back into the skull before a surgeon repairs the skull.

Treatment usually happens shortly after birth or within the first few months to a year, depending on the size, location and effects the condition has on your baby.

Children usually need more than one surgery to treat this condition. Surgery can also treat facial growth irregularities and hydrocephalus.

As your child grows, they may need additional support to treat associated conditions like:

Special education programs in school.
Medications for seizures.
Glasses for vision problems.

There’s no known way to prevent encephalocele. You can reduce your risk of having a child with a neural tube defect by getting plenty of folic acid.

Talk to your healthcare provider before you plan on becoming pregnant. They may recommend you take 400 mcg of folic acid daily, even if you don’t plan to get pregnant right away. Neural tube defects (NTDs) happen in the first month of pregnancy. This is often before you even know you’re pregnant, which is why it’s essential to start taking folic acid early.

In addition, let your healthcare provider know if you have a family history of NTDs or if you had a child with an NTD. Your provider can help you prevent future NTDs.

To conclude

Babies can survive encephalocele. Treatment with surgery to repair the skull can help them survive. Babies with large skull openings may have more symptoms and complications than babies with smaller openings. This increases their risk of life-threatening outcomes or a shorter life expectancy.

Studies found that newborns with skull openings near the front of their heads have a better outcome than babies with openings in the back of their heads.

Further if you come across with such cases you can share us the latest reports via, email : query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp on +91 9880149003 the same our team will get back to you with best treatment opinion available with the top doctors from the major hospitals and assist you all the way through the treatment.

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Peliosis hepatis

Nov 23, 2024 Posted by admin vascular 0 comments

Overview

Peliosis hepatis (PH) was first described in 1861. PH is a very rare disease, more common in adults, and when it affects the liver, it comes to the surgeon’s attention only in an extremely urgent situation after the lesion’s rupture with the resulting hemoperitoneum. Peliosis hepatis (PH) is a disease characterized by multiple and small, blood-filled cysts within the parenchymatous organs. The cysts of peliosis hepatis often lack a cell lining and are surrounded by hepatocytes. Some have an endothelial cell lining, accompanied by dilated hepatic sinusoids. The cause is probably damage to the sinusoidal lining cells. Peliosis hepatis is associated with use of hormones (eg, anabolic steroids, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids), tamoxifen, vinyl chloride, vitamin A and, particularly in kidney transplant recipients, azathioprine. Peliosis hepatis usually affects adults, though may occur in children. Peliosis hepatis occurs equally in men and women.

Causes

Infections: HIV, bacillary peliosis (caused by genus Bartonella, bacteria responsible for cat-scratch disease which are identified histologically adjacent to the peliotic lesions), Staphylococcus aureus
Chronic conditions: End stage kidney failure, kwashiorkor, tuberculosis, and other chronic infections
Malignancy: Monoclonal gammopathies (multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia), Hodgkin disease, malignant histiocytosis, seminoma, hepatocellular adenoma, and hepatocarcinoma
Kidney transplants: It can be found in up to 20% patients, can be related to azathioprine or cyclosporine use, and may be associated with increased risk of transplant rejection.
Drugs and toxins: Corticosteroids, androgens, azathioprine, tamoxifen

Signs and symptoms

Often, peliosis hepatis causes no symptoms (asymptomatic). In other cases, it may be identified after blood tests show abnormalities in liver enzymes. Peliosis hepatis may cause abdominal pain, especially right upper quadrant pain, or jaundice.

Diagnosis

Liver function test is enough to diagnose the disease.

Other cystic conditions of liver

Polycystic liver disease
Solitary congenital cysts
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
Hydatid cyst
Von Meyenburg complexes
Caroli disease (type V choledochal cyst)
Type IV choledochal cysts

Treatment

Treatment is usually directed towards management of the underlying cause. Withdrawal of azathioprine leads to remission in kidney transplant; bacillary peliosis responds to antibiotics. In rare circumstances partial resection of liver or transplant may be required.

To conclude if you come across anyone from your family, relatives and friends with disease untreatable at your country or costing high, you can share us the latest reports of the patient to us via, email query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp us on +91+9880149003 and get the best opinion from the top doctors from the major hospitals, post which you can plan for treatment as well, we assist you all the way throughout the treatment and best accommodation abroad.

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Sarcopenia – Muscle loss with aging

Nov 20, 2024 Posted by admin Senior care 0 comments

Overview

Sarcopenia is the age-related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenia is a common condition that affects 10% of adults who are over 50 years old and unfortunately, sarcopenia shortens life expectancy in those it affects, compared to individuals with normal muscle strength While it can decrease life expectancy and quality of life. A healthy diet and regular exercise can reverse sarcopenia, increasing lifespan and quality of life. Everyone loses muscle with age, typically about 3%-5% each decade after age 30. Inactive people lose the most. The loss can become more noticeable and start to speed up at around age 60. After age 80, studies suggest somewhere between 11% and 50% of people have sarcopenia. Sarcopenia can be a serious problem. Once you’ve lost a lot of muscle and strength, you may struggle to do things such as getting out of chairs, opening jars, or carrying groceries. You also can become frail and have a higher risk of falls, broken bones, disability, and death. management of sarcopenia focuses on lifestyle changes to prevent muscle loss. These usually include – excercise, nutrition and dietary supplements etc therefore, proper diet and strength training can help people with sarcopenia have a positive outlook and make improvements to the condition.

Sarcopenia Causes

Physical inactivity.
Obesity.
Chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), kidney disease, diabetes, cancer and HIV.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Insulin resistance.
Reduction in hormone levels.
Malnutrition or inadequate protein intake.
Decrease in your ability to convert protein to energy.
Decline in the number of nerve cells that send messages from your brain to your muscles telling them to move.

Sarcopenia Symptoms

These are some of the most common symptoms of sarcopenia:

Muscle weakness
Loss of stamina, or staying power, when you are active
Slow walking
Trouble performing daily activities
Trouble climbing stairs
Loss of balance
Falling
Noticeably shrinking muscles

Risk factors

Although aging is the main cause of sarcopenia, other factors contribute to the loss of muscle mass. They include:

Living a sedentary lifestyle: Getting little or no physical activity on a regular basis puts people at an increased risk of developing sarcopenia as they age.
Poor nutrition: Poor dietary habits can also contribute to the development of sarcopenia. Although poor nutrition is possible at any age, it may affect how fast muscle mass declines in older adults.

Older adults tend to eat less, which can lead to malnutrition. Also, Eating large amounts of acid producing foods, such as grains and processed foods, and eating too few vegetables and fruits may also negatively affect muscle mass.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is sarcopenia diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider may diagnose sarcopenia after performing a physical exam and asking you about your symptoms. You may complete a questionnaire based on your self-reported symptoms called the SARC-F. SARC-F stands for:

S — Strength.
A — Assistance with walking.
R — Rising from a chair.
C — Climbing stairs.
F — Falls.

You score each factor with a number between 0 and 2. The highest maximum SARC-F score is 10. A SARC-F score of 4 or more warrants more testing. There is no single test that can diagnose sarcopenia. Your healthcare provider may recommend several tests to diagnose and then determine the severity of sarcopenia.

Muscle strength tests

Handgrip test: Handgrip strength draws a parallel to the strength in your other muscles. Providers use it to identify shortages in overall muscle strength.
Chair stand test: Providers use the chair stand test to measure your leg muscle strength, especially your quadriceps. The chair stand test measures the number of times you can stand and sit from a chair without the use of your arms in 30 seconds.
Walking speed test: The walking (gait) speed test measures the time it takes for you to travel 4 meters (about 13 feet) at your usual walking pace.
Short physical performance battery (SPPB): With the SPPB test, you take three timed tasks: chair stand test, standing balance test and walking speed test.
Timed-up and go test (TUG): The TUG test measures the time it takes for you to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters (about 10 feet) away from the chair, walk 3 meters back to the chair, and sit back down in the chair.

Sarcopenia Treatment

The primary treatments for sarcopenia are lifestyle changes, especially increases in physical activity.

Sarcopenia exercise plan

Strength training, which is also called resistance training, can help you regain strength and mobility. Your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist or suggest working with a trainer or taking a class to get started.

A typical strength training program might include working with free weights or weight machines and stretchy resistance bands. It also might include so-called bodyweight exercises, such as push-ups, lunges, and leg raises. You should do a combination of exercises that work your arms, legs, abdominal muscles, back, and chest.

Prevention

How can I prevent sarcopenia?

You may not be able to completely prevent sarcopenia since the condition happens as part of the natural aging process. But you can take steps to slow the progression of the disease. These include:

Make healthy food choices: Maintain a healthy diet that includes high-quality proteins. Aim for 20 to 35 grams of protein in each meal.
Exercise: Maintain a physically active lifestyle that includes exercises such as resistance training.
Routine physicals: See your healthcare provider regularly, and let them know about any changes in your health.

The Bottom Line

Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and strength, becomes more common with age and can decrease lifespan and quality of life.Eating enough calories and high-quality protein can slow down the rate of muscle loss. Omega-3 and creatine supplements may also help fight sarcopenia.Nevertheless, exercising is the most effective way to prevent and reverse sarcopenia.Resistance exercises appear to be particularly effective, including using resistance bands, lifting weights or doing calisthenics like squats, push-ups and sit-ups.However, even simple exercises like walking can slow your rate of muscle loss. At the end of the day, the most important thing is to get active.

Nevertheless when you come across any of your friend or your loved ones diagnosed with any kind of disease, looking for treatment abroad please feel free to email us all the latest reports of the patient on query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp us aswell on +91 9880149003 for the best treatment abroad with advance technology available at our major healthcare providing centres at an affordable price and accommodation.

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Pityriasis Alba

Nov 13, 2024 Posted by admin Dermatology 0 comments

Overview
Pityriasis refers to the characteristic fine scale, and alba to its pale colour (hypopigmentation) so, Pityriasis alba is a low-grade type of eczema/dermatitis mainly seen in children and adolescents aged 3 to 16 years, but can occur in older and younger people. It affects boys and girls equally. The condition perhaps is more common, in dark skin compared to white skin. It often presents following sun exposure, perhaps because tanning of surrounding skin makes affected areas more prominent. People with pityriasis alba get round, oval, or irregularly shaped patches of pale pink or red skin. The patches are usually scaly and dry. No treatment is necessary for asymptomatic pityriasis alba but people with pityriasis alba develop red or pink patches on their skin that are usually round or oval. The patches usually clear up with moisturizing creams or go away on their own. However, they often leave pale marks on the skin after the redness has faded.

Causes
Doctors don’t know what causes pityriasis alba. It may be related to another skin condition called atopic dermatitis or eczema that causes a skin rash. People whose skin is very sensitive or who get a lot of sun may be more likely to get the condition.

Symptoms
People with pityriasis alba get round, oval, or irregularly shaped patches of pale pink or red skin. The patches are usually scaly and dry. They may appear on the:
face, which is the most common place
upper arms
neck
chest
back
Pityriasis alba evolves through several stages.

Slightly scaly pink patch or plaque with a just palpable papular surface.
Hypopigmented patch or plaque with fine surface scale.
Then post-inflammatory hypopigmented macule without scale.
Resolution.

Diagnosis

Pityriasis alba is usually a clinical diagnosis but may be confused with several other disorders that cause hypopigmentation.

To exclude these, investigations may include:

Wood lamp examination: the hypopigmentation of pityriasis alba does not enhance, and there is no fluorescence
Scrapings for mycology: microscopy and fungal culture are negative in pityriasis alba
Skin biopsy: biopsy is rarely required, but may reveal mildly spongiotic dermatitis and reduction in melanin.
Risks for pityriasis alba

Pityriasis alba is most common in children and adolescents. It occurs in approximately 2 to 5 percent of children. It’s most frequently seen in children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. It’s also very common in children with atopic dermatitis, an itchy inflammation of the skin.

Pityriasis alba often appears in children who take hot baths frequently or who are exposed to the sun without sunscreen. However, it’s unclear if these factors cause the skin condition. Pityriasis alba isn’t contagious.

Treatment

No treatment is required for pityriasis alba. The patches usually go away with time. Your doctor may prescribe a moisturizing cream or topical steroid cream such as hydrocortisone to treat the condition. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe a nonsteroid cream, such as pimecrolimus. Both types of creams can help reduce skin discoloration and relieve any dryness, scaling, or itchiness. Even if you’ve had treatment, the patches can return in the future. You may need to use the creams again. In most cases, however, pityriasis alba goes away by adulthood. The development or prominence of pityriasis alba can be reduced with sunscreen use to minimise sun tanning.

To conclude any of your loved ones looking for any kind of disease treatment abroad can reach to us with their latest available reports via email i.e, query@gtsmeditour.com or can also whatsapp us on +91 9880149003 our team will assist you get the best treatment along with affordable accommodation.

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Allergies

Nov 5, 2024 Posted by admin Uncategorized 0 comments

Overview

Allergy is a condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Allergies are one of the most common chronic diseases. A chronic disease lasts a long time or occurs often. An allergy occurs when the body’s immune system sees a substance as harmful and overreacts to it. The substances that cause allergic reactions are allergens. When someone has allergies, their immune system makes an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies respond to allergens. The symptoms that result are an allergic reaction. Avoiding allergens is an important treatment approach. However, it often doesn’t completely end allergic reactions.

Symptoms

Common allergy symptoms may include:

rashes, such as hives
nausea
vomiting
fever
wheezing
difficulty breathing
congestion
runny nose
sneezing
coughing
fatigue
headaches

Causes of allergies

It’s still unclear why the immune system causes an allergic reaction when a normally harmless foreign substance enters the body.

However, researchers have identified several factors that may contribute to allergies, including:

Older age
Genetics
Hormonal changes, especially in people assigned female at birth
Immunological factors, such as weakened immune system
Gut microbiome changes
Having other allergies, such as atopic dermatitis

Several common allergens have also been identified, including foods, medications, and environmental irritants. The cause of allergies may depend on how you come into contact with it:

Ingestion: Foods like nuts, cow’s milk, sesame, fish, tree nuts, and shellfish may cause allergies. Some oral medications like penicillin may also trigger a reaction.
Inhaling: Several environmental irritants, such as pollution, pet dander, mold, pollen, and dust mites, can trigger allergies.
Direct contact: Some allergies are caused by direct contact with allergens, such as insect stings, the sun, certain plants, latex, and certain metals.

Diagnosis

A doctor will first ask about your symptoms and perform a physical exam.

They may ask about anything unusual you may have eaten recently and any substances you may have come in contact with. For example, if you have a rash on your hands, they may ask if you put on latex gloves recently.

To confirm an allergy, they may order several tests, including:

Blood test: This can help detect the presence of IgE, which are cells that react to allergens.
Skin prick test: Small amounts of an allergen are pricked, brushed, or scratched against your skin to see if there’s an allergic reaction.

Types of allergies

There are several types of allergies These include:

food allergies
hayfever (allergic rhinitis)
asthma
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
skin allergies
medication allergies
insect bite allergies

Treatment and Management

Avoiding the allergen that triggers the reaction is the best way to prevent allergies. If that’s not possible, there are treatment options available.

Medication

Allergy treatment usually includes over-the-counter or prescription medications, which are available as nasal sprays, pills, liquids, and topical ointments.

Some allergy medications may include:

antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), loratadine (Claritin), and cetirizine (Zyrtec)
corticosteroids
decongestants (Afrin, Suphedrine PE, Sudafed)
mast cell stabilizers, which stop mast cells from releasing histamine

It’s important to work with a healthcare professional to develop the best management plan for your allergies.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that involves administering small doses of an allergen to help your body become used to it over time.

There are two types of immunotherapy:

Injections: This involves several injections over a few years. It’s most helpful for allergens like pollen, pet dander, insect stings, and asthma.
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT): This involves placing small doses of allergens under your tongue. It’s best for asthma and nasal allergies, such as dust mites, ragweed, and grass.

Successful immunotherapy can prevent allergy symptoms from returning. The best way to prevent allergies is to avoid allergens. You can also take antihistamines or other medications daily to help control your symptoms and reduce your allergic reaction. If you have animal allergies, avoid petting, hugging or kissing animals. Don’t allow them in your bedroom or on your furniture. Regularly vacuuming rugs, carpets and other surfaces helps remove dust, animal dander, pollen and other allergens.

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Allergic Asthma

Oct 25, 2024 Posted by admin Pulmonology 0 comments

Overview

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition. When you inhale an allergen, such as pollen, mold, or dust mites, your lungs become inflamed, and your airways tighten. This type of asthma is very common in both children and adults. Symptoms of allergic asthma can include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, stuffy nose, itchy eyes and a rash.

When you have allergies, your body creates a response to something it thinks is a threat — the allergen. Your immune system fires up all of its defenses to try and fight off this danger. Your immune system releases various chemicals that cause inflammation, or swelling, and squeezing of your airways upon exposure to an allergen. You might need to use fast-acting rescue medicines, long-term treatments, or both, further your doctor may recommend a nebulizer. This machine changes asthma medications from a liquid to a mist so it’s easier to get the medicine into your lungs.

If you or a loved one has allergic asthma, it’s important to understand what your triggers are. Once you figure that out, you can take steps to avoid them. As a result, you’ll have fewer and less severe asthma attacks.

Symptoms and Causes

If you have allergic asthma, you may have many of the same symptoms you’d experience with other types of asthma. These symptoms can include:

Feeling short of breath.
Coughing frequently, especially at night.
Wheezing (a whistling noise during breathing).
Experiencing chest tightness (feeling like something is pressing on your chest).

Allergen exposure can also trigger other symptoms, including:

A stuffy nose/Congestion
Nasal drainage
Itchy or watery eyes.
A rash or hives.
Flaky skin

Diagnosis and Tests

Specific types of lung function tests include:

Spirometry. This measures the amount of air you inhale and exhale and how fast you can exhale. You’ll blow into a mouthpiece connected to a device or computer that looks for narrowing in the bronchial tubes of your lungs.
Peak flow. A simple test of lung function, you’ll breathe into a small handheld device that measures air pressure as you breathe out. The test can’t diagnose asthma, but it can be used in the lab or at home to keep track of your condition.
FeNO test. Also known as exhaled nitric oxide testing. You’ll blow into a device that measures the amount of nitric oxide in your airways. Your lungs produce this gas when they become inflamed due to asthma.
Provocation (trigger) test. This test tells doctors how sensitive your lungs are to certain triggers and is used to help confirm an asthma diagnosis. You may get it if you have asthma symptoms that can’t be diagnosed with other tests. Your doctor will ask you to you inhale a potential asthma allergen and then take a breathing test to measure your response.
During a skin test, the healthcare provider puts small drops of liquid containing various allergens on your skin. Then, they gently scratch your skin to allow allergens to enter the top layer. If you’re allergic to the substance, your skin will react by swelling or you may develop tiny, raised bumps.In certain cases, a blood test can identify allergic triggers. Allergy blood tests can miss a small percentage of allergies compared to skin testing.

Management and Treatment

Treatment can involve avoiding the allergen or making lifestyle changes, and medications.

Avoiding the allergen

Your provider will help you figure out what’s triggering your asthma and find ways to either avoid or manage these allergens. Often, these triggers are in your environment. Once you know what they are, you can manage your interactions with them. This might mean hiring someone to cut your grass if you know that pollen is a trigger for your asthma, or avoiding places with a lot of animals if dander is a trigger for you.

Depending on what triggers your asthma, other steps you can take include:

Cleaning your house frequently. This could include frequent mopping and dusting and washing your bedding and pillows in hot water every week.
Using dust and allergen-proof sheets and pillows on your bed.
Keeping house and car windows closed during peak pollen season. You can also avoid being outside when pollen counts are highest or wear glasses, face masks or other protective equipment when outdoors.
Using high-quality filters in your home air conditioning units or running an air purifier.
Developing an action plan. It’s important to have a plan in place that helps you know when to take certain medications, what to do if the medications aren’t working and who to call in those situations. The plan should include what to do during an asthma attack.

Medical treatment

Medications for allergy-induced asthma may include:

Leukotriene modifiers: This is the name for a group of medications that treat both allergies and asthma. Montelukast (Singulair®) is one of the most common leukotriene modifiers.
Allergy shots: Also called immunotherapy, allergy shots can reduce how your immune system reacts to an allergen. It involves getting regular injections (shots) of the allergen to build up your tolerance over time.
Rescue inhalers: These offer fast relief for asthma symptoms by opening up your airways so you can breathe better.
Antihistamines: This type of medication reduces mild to moderate allergy symptoms like itching skin or watery eyes. Your provider may suggest taking an antihistamine as part of your treatment plan.
Corticosteroids: Both oral and inhaled corticosteroids can help prevent allergy-induced asthma symptoms by reducing inflammation in your airways.
Biologics: These are small proteins that your provider injects to help treat the underlying cause of asthma. This treatment is for moderate or severe allergic asthma.

Conclusion

There isn’t a cure for allergic asthma, but you can reduce your risk of an allergic asthma attack by understanding and avoiding triggers and ensuring you’re using the best medical treatment to manage your asthma.

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Understanding Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Oct 23, 2024 Posted by admin Pulmonology 0 comments

Overview

When your blood goes from your heart to your lungs through your pulmonary artery. In the lungs, the blood is supplied with oxygen and then goes back to the heart, which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of your body.A pulmonary embolism (PE) happens when a blood clot suddenly blocks an artery that supplies blood to your lungs.

This blockage can cause serious problems such as damage to your lungs and low oxygen levels in your blood. The lack of oxygen can harm other organs in your body, too. If the artery is clogged by a big clot or many smaller clots, it can cause a deadly pulmonary embolism.

If you think you may have deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the best thing you can do is call your doctor as soon as possible. There are several ways that they can figure out likeUltrasound, MRI,Pulmonary angiogram etc. Some people with DVT might need to take blood thinners for the rest of their lives. Your doctor will make this decision based on how likely you are to have another blood clot. They’ll also consider your risk of bleeding when they suggest longer treatment with blood thinners.

Therefore, pulmonary embolism condition is a medical emergency requiring quick treatment, a pulmonary embolism can cause heart or lung damage and even death. With timely diagnosis and treatment, a PE is seldom fatal.

Symptoms and Causes

Sudden shortness of breath — whether you’ve been active or at rest.
Fast breathing.
Wheezing.
Unexplained sharp pain in your chest, arm, back, shoulder, neck or jaw. The pain may be similar to symptoms of a heart attack and can get worse when you take a breath.
Cough with or without bloody mucus.
Pale, clammy or bluish skin.
Rapid heartbeat (pulse).
Excessive sweating.
In some cases, feeling anxious, lightheaded, faint or passing out.

What causes a pulmonary embolism?

Pulmonary embolism causes include:

Blood collecting or “pooling” in a certain part of your body (usually an arm or leg). Blood usually pools after long periods of inactivity, like after surgery, bed rest or a long flight or plane ride.
Injury to a vein, like from a fracture or surgery (especially in your pelvis, hip, knee or leg).
Another medical condition, like cardiovascular disease (including congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, heart attack or stroke).
An increase or decrease in your blood’s clotting factors. Elevated clotting factors can occur with some types of cancer or in some people taking hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills. Abnormal or low clotting factors may also happen as a result of blood clotting disorders.

People at risk of developing a PE include those who:

Have a blood clot in their leg, or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Are inactive for long periods of time while traveling via motor vehicle, train or plane (such as a long, cross-country car ride).
Have recently had trauma or injury to a vein, possibly from surgery, a fracture or varicose veins.
Are using hormonal-based contraception (like birth control pills, patches or rings) or hormone replacement therapy.
Have a blood clotting disorder.
Have a family history of blood clots.
Currently smoke.
Have diabetes.
Have cancer.
Are older than 60.
Have a history of heart failure, heart attack or stroke.
Have overweight (a body mass index or BMI greater than 25) or obesity (a BMI greater than 30).
Are pregnant or have given birth in the previous six weeks.
Received a central venous catheter through their arm or leg.

If you have any of these risk factors and you’ve had a blood clot, talk with your healthcare provider so they can take steps to reduce your risk of PE.

Diagnosis and Tests

After looking at your symptoms and risk factors, a provider will use the following tests to make a PE diagnosis:

Blood tests (including the D-dimer test).
Computed tomography (CT) angiogram.
Ultrasound of your leg. (This helps identify blood clots in people’s legs, or deep vein thrombosis, which can move to the lungs, become a PE and cause more damage.)
A VQ scan, if you’re unable to get contrast for a CT scan. (This is a nuclear scan that can detect clots in your lung.)
A pulse oximeter (pulse ox) that attaches to your fingertip to check your oxygen level.
Echocardiogram.

Other tests your provider may order include:

Pulmonary angiogram.
Chest X-ray.

Classification of PE

PE severity is commonly classified three main categories based on easily obtainable clinical variables. High-risk PE is defined as presenting with hypotension, a systolic arterial pressure less than 90 mm Hg or drop of more than 40 mm Hg for at least 15 minutes and the need for vasopressor support. Intermediate-risk PE is defined by a patient being normotensive with evidence of RV dysfunction or myocardial ischemia. Low risk PE are patients that do not meet the criteria for intermediate-risk.

Management and Treatment

The length of your pulmonary embolism treatment and hospital stay will vary, depending on the severity of the clot. Some people may not need to stay overnight.

The main treatment for a pulmonary embolism is an anticoagulant (blood thinner).

Depending on the severity of your clot and its effect on your other organs such as your heart, you may also undergo thrombolytic therapy, surgery or interventional procedures to improve blood flow in your pulmonary arteries.

In most cases, treatment consists of anticoagulant medications (blood thinners). Anticoagulants decrease your blood’s ability to clot. This prevents future blood clots.

Compression stockings

Compression stockings (support hose) improve blood flow in your legs. People with deep vein thrombosis often use them. You should use them as your provider prescribes. The stockings are usually knee-high length and compress your legs to prevent your blood from pooling.

Thrombolytic therapy

Thrombolytic medications (“clot busters”), including tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), dissolve the clot. You’ll always receive thrombolytics in the emergency department or intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital where a provider can monitor you. You may receive this type of medication if you have a special situation, like low blood pressure or an unstable condition because of the pulmonary embolism.

Can a pulmonary embolism be prevented?

Yes, you may be able to prevent it. Ways to prevent a pulmonary embolism include:

Getting regular physical activity. If you can’t walk around, move your arms, legs and feet for a few minutes every hour. If you know you’ll need to sit or stand for long periods, wear compression stockings to encourage blood flow.
Drinking plenty of fluids, but limiting alcohol and caffeine.
Not using tobacco products.
Avoiding crossing your legs.
Not wearing tight-fitting clothing.
Getting to a weight that’s healthy for you.
Elevating your feet for 30 minutes twice a day.
Talking to your provider about reducing your risk factors, especially if you or any of your family members have had a blood clot.
Talking to your provider about a vena cava filter.

Conclusion

It can take months or years for a pulmonary embolism to go away completely. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a chronic manifestation of PEs that keep coming back.You’ll need to take a blood thinner for three to six months or longer. Don’t stop taking it unless your provider instructs you to. If you’re taking a blood thinner, don’t do things that put you at risk of an injury that could make you bleed.

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Overview

Symptoms

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Causes

Animals that can transmit the rabies virus

Diagnosis and Tests

What tests will be done to diagnose this condition?

Treatment

Treatment for people bitten by animals with rabies

Determining whether the animal that bit you has rabies

Conclusion

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Symptoms

Causes

Diagnosing Exophoria

Treatments for Exophoria

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Overview

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Causes

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Diagnosis and Tests

Treatment and Prevention

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Treatment

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Sarcopenia Symptoms

Risk factors

Diagnosis and Tests

How is sarcopenia diagnosed?

Muscle strength tests

Sarcopenia Treatment

Prevention

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The Bottom Line

Overview

Symptoms

Causes of allergies

Diagnosis

Types of allergies

Treatment and Management

Medication

Immunotherapy

Overview

Symptoms and Causes

Diagnosis and Tests

Management and Treatment

Avoiding the allergen

Medical treatment

Conclusion

Overview

Symptoms and Causes

What causes a pulmonary embolism?

Diagnosis and Tests

Classification of PE

Management and Treatment

Can a pulmonary embolism be prevented?

Conclusion