INTRODUCTION

It is an inflammation of the appendix, a finger shaped  pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen . It causes pain in your lower right abdomen . However in most people , pain begins around the navel  and then moves. As inflammation worsens pain typically increases and eventually becomes worse

SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms of appendicitis may include :

• Sudden pain that begins on the right side of the lower abdomen
• Sudden pain that begins around your navel and often shifts to your lower right abdomen
• Pain that worsens if you cough , walk or make other jarring movements
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Low grade fever that worsen as the illness progresses
• Constipation or diarrhea
• Abdominal bloating
• Flatulence

Acute appendicitis:

Acute appendicitis is a severe and sudden case of appendicitis. The symptoms tend to develop quickly over the course of one to two days. It requites immediate medical treatment , if left untreated , it may cause your appendix to rupture .This can be a serious and even fatal complication . Acute  appendicitis is more common than chronic appendicitis.

Chronic appendicitis:

Chronic appendicitis is less common than acute. In chronic cases appendicitis , the symptoms may be relatively mild. They may disappear before reappearing again over a period of weeks , months or even years. This type of appendicitis can be challenging to diagnose. Sometimes its not diagnosed until it develops into acute appendicitis

CAUSES 

Many things can potentially block your appendix, including

• a buildup of hardened stool
• enlarged lymphoid follicles
• Intestinal worms
• traumatic injury
• tumors

TREATMENT OPTIONS

Depending on the condition doctor may recommend

• surgery to remove your appendix
• needle draining or surgery to drain an abscess
• antibiotics
• pain relievers
• IV fluids
• liquid diet

SURGERY

The type of surgery used generally is called appendectomy. During this procedure they will remove your appendix . If your appendix has burst , they will  also  clean out your abdominal cavity

RISK FACTORS

Risk factors include

• Age: most often affects people between the ages of 15-30
• Sex : common in males than females
• Family history: People who have family history of appendicitis are at high risk

COMPLICATIONS

• A ruptured appendix
• A pocket of pus that forms in the abdomen

To get opinion from network our network of hospitals visit www.mvtbooking.com or send email to query@gtsmeditour.com

Prepared by: Dr Sajna Hamza

DEFINITION

A cataract is a dense , cloudy area that forms in the lens of the eye. A cataract begins when proteins in the eye form clumps that prevent the lens from sending clear images to the retina. The retina works by converting the light that comes through the lens into signals. It sends the signals to the optic neve which carries them into the brain

Cataract develops slowly and eventually interferes with your vision. Cataracts are common in older people

SYMPTOMS

• blurry vision
• trouble seeing at night
• seeing colors as faded
• increased sensitivity to glare
• halos surrounding lights
• double vision in the affected eye
• a need for frequent changes in prescription glasses

CAUSES

• an over production of oxidants which are oxygen molecules that been chemically altered due to normal daily life
• smoking
• ultra violet  radiation
• the long term usage of steroids and other medications
• certain diseases such ass diabetes
• trauma
• radiation therapy

TREATMENT OF CATARACT

SURGERY: It is recommended when cataracts prevent you from going about your daily activities such as reading  or driving . Its also performed when cataract interfere with the treatments of other eye problems’

One surgical method known as phaco-emulsification involves the use of ultra sound waves to break the lens apart and remove the pieces

Extra capsular surgery involves removing the cloudy part of the lens through a long incision in the cornea .After  surgery  an artificial intra ocular lens is placed where the natural lens was. Cataract surgery   usually an out patient procedure  takes an hour or less to perform. First your doctor will place eye drops in your eye to dilate your pupil . You will receive local anesthesia to numb the area and you may be given a sedative to help you relax

Surgical methods used to remove cataracts include , using ultra sound probe to break up the lens for removal or making an incision in the eye and removing the lens in one piece

After the removal of the cataract the artificial lens is implanted into the empty lens capsule

To get opinion from network of hospitals visit www.mvtbooking.com or send email to query@gtsmeditour.com