Global Treatment Services Pvt. Ltd.

Global Treatment Services

Monthly Archives: January 2025

Porencephaly

Jan 30, 2025 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

Porencephaly is a structural abnormality of the brain. It may manifest before or after birth. It is a very rare disorder that affects your central nervous system, children with this condition develop fluid-filled cavities, or cysts, on their brain. These brain cysts can delay and impair your child’s growth and development. These cysts can interfere with normal brain growth and development. Children with porencephaly may experience speech difficulties. They may also have other neurological deficits (abnormal functioning in areas of their body).However, on rare occasions, it can be related to an inherited genetic condition. There is no clear cure for porencephaly. However, there are many ways to manage its effects. Treatments focus on improving neurological impairments. If hydrocephalus is present, excess fluid around your child’s brain can be drained.

SYMPTOMS

Possible symptoms include: 

  • Motor delay (differences in muscle tone, movement, posture, or developmental milestones) 
  • Speech and language delay 
  • Learning challenges 
  • Cognitive or intellectual differences 
  • Slow overall growth 
  • Developmental delays in multiple areas (global delays) 
  • Seizures 
  • Spastic hemiplegia (stiffness and weakness in limbs)  
  • Hypotonia (low muscle tone) 
  • Macrocephaly (large head) 
  • Microcephaly (small head) 
  • Hydrocephalus (increased pressure in the brain) 

Causes

With a lack of oxygen or bleeding in your child’s brain, fluid-filled cysts can replace normal brain tissue. This is more likely to happen if the following risk factors are present:

  • Alcohol or drug use during pregnancy.
  • Gestational diabetes.
  • Infection during pregnancy.
  • Infection shortly after birth.
  • Trauma during birth.
  • Other causes of stroke or lack of oxygen to their brain (like blood disorders and metabolic diseases). Sometimes, healthcare providers can find clues about the underlying cause based on the location, size and distribution of the cysts.
  • Some types of porencephaly are genetic and can be inherited. This means that a person only needs one abnormal gene copy to show symptoms. The abnormal gene can be inherited from a mother or father. A person with a COL4A1 or COL4A2 gene mutation has a 50 percent chance of passing on condition. Two people with the same mutation may have very different symptom severity.  

Diagnosis

To confirm a diagnosis of porencephaly, your healthcare provider needs to see detailed images of your child’s brain. You or your child may have imaging tests like:

  • Prenatal ultrasound or ultrasound.
  • CT scan.
  • MRI.

Management and Treatment

There is no clear cure for porencephaly. This structural abnormality cannot be reversed. However, there are treatments that can help with symptoms arising in the aftermath of porencephaly. 

Symptoms and Available Treatments 

  • Cognitive, speech, language, or motor delays. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, special instruction, and speech therapy can be very effective. 
  • Learning challenges. Working closely with school systems to generate individualized educational plans and support can be helpful. Special education programs can also help. 
  • Seizures. Various medications can be used to treat seizures. There may be dietary and surgical options as well 
  • Spasticity. Medications can manage high tone or stiffness in muscles. For instance, injections of botulinum toxin can help loosen muscles or medications such as baclofen are commonly used.  
  • Adaptive equipment. Braces and adaptive equipment can significantly improve a child’s functioning and quality of life. 
  • Hydrocephalus. This is increased pressure in the brain. Depending on the specific location of the porencephaly, a resection or surgical shunt can relieve this pressure. 

Outlook

Outcomes can vary widely depending on the size and location of the fluid-filled cysts. Some children have mild or no symptoms. They may not even be diagnosed.  Others may have some mild learning challenges. They may have treatable seizures or motor tone abnormalities. Children in this moderate category do very well with supportive treatment.   

Still others may have more severe secondary symptoms. They may have larger cysts. Their cysts may be in problematic brain locations. These children may have been diagnosed soon after birth. Supportive care, therapies, and special education programs can go a long way. They can improve the long-term outcomes of these children. 

Further, if you come across with this type of condition nearby in your country or with your friends or relatives you can share us the latest reports available via, email (query@gtsmeditour.com) or you can whatsapp the reports on +919880149003 and get free medical opinion from our panel of doctors and further support for the right treatment.

Thank you..!

Gynecomastia – Enlarged breast in men

Jan 26, 2025 Posted by admin Plastic surgery 0 comments

Overview

Gynecomastia basically is the non-cancerous enlargement of one or both breasts in men due to the growth of breast tissue as a result of a hormone imbalance between estrogens and androgens. it occurs usually in new born males, boys going through puberty and older male, may develop gynecomastia due to natural changes in hormone levels. Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly. This is commonly associated with obesity and can be ruled out by physical exam. Gynecomastia isn’t harmful to your physical health, but it may make you self-conscious and affect your self-esteem. Your mental health is just as important as your physical health. this is commonly associated with obesity and can be ruled out by physical exam. Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help.

Symptoms

Gynecomastia symptoms can include:

  • Pain, especially in teenagers.
  • Swollen breast tissue.
  • Tender breasts.
  • Sensitive nipples when they rub against clothes.

Possible Causes

Gynecomastia is more likely to happen during periods of hormonal fluctuations, especially at or during:

  • Birth: More than half of newborns AMAB have enlarged breasts, or breast buds. It typically happens due to exposure to the birthing parent’s estrogen levels. Gynecomastia in newborns usually goes away within a few weeks.
  • Puberty: More than half of adolescents AMAB have some degree of breast enlargement during puberty. It likely happens due to a faster rise in estrogen than in testosterone. But this imbalance usually regulates with time — about six months to two years.
  • Late adulthood: Gynecomastia is common in people AMAB over 50. With age, your body produces less testosterone. People over 50 are also more likely to be taking medications that can cause gynecomastia.

These causes of gynecomastia are natural and to be expected — they’re not physically harmful. But gynecomastia can also be a symptom of certain medical conditions that require treatment.

Conditions that cause gynecomastia

Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions:

  • Adrenal tumors.
  • Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
  • Kidney disease or kidney failure.
  • Klinefelter syndrome (an inherited condition).
  • Liver disease and cirrhosis.
  • Male hypogonadism (low testosterone).
  • Pituitary gland tumors (pituitary adenomas), especially prolactinomas.
  • Testicular tumors.

Diagnosis

To diagnose gynecomastia, a thorough history and physical examination are obtained by a physician. Important aspects of the physical examination include evaluation of the male breast tissue with palpation to evaluate for breast cancer and pseudogynecomastia (male breast tissue enlargement solely due to excess fatty tissue), evaluation of penile size and development, evaluation of testicular development and an assessment for masses that raise suspicion for testicular cancer, and proper development of secondary sex characteristics such as the amount and distribution of pubic and underarm hair. Mammography is the method of choice for radiologic examination of male breast tissue in the diagnosis of gynecomastia when breast cancer is suspected on physical examination.

Care and Treatment

What is the treatment for gynecomastia?

Some people don’t want or need treatment for gynecomastia. But if you do, your healthcare provider may recommend a few different strategies depending on your situation:

  • Stopping or switching a medication: If a medication or other substance is causing gynecomastia, your provider may recommend that you switch to a different one or stop using it. Make sure your provider is aware of any nonprescription medications — like dietary and herbal supplements — you’re taking. Never stop taking a prescription medication without your provider’s guidance.
  • Underlying condition treatment: If an underlying condition is the cause, like a tumor or hypogonadism, treatment for the condition may also treat gynecomastia.
  • Gynecomastia surgery: Some people choose to get surgery for gynecomastia (male breast reduction) to remove excess breast tissue. This is an elective cosmetic surgery.

To Conclude:

Gynecomastia itself is a benign finding. It does not confer a poor prognosis, for some patients with underlying pathologies such as testicular cancer the prognosis may be worse. The glandular tissue typically grows under the influence of hormonal stimulation and is often tender or painful. Furthermore, gynecomastia frequently presents social and psychological difficulties such as low self-esteem, depression or shame.

Please feel free to contact us if you have any such plastic surgery requirement in and around your surroundings you can share us the latest reports via, email – query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp the same on  +91 9880149003 and get the needful from our team – Global Treatment services.

Thank you..!

 

 

HMPV (Human metapneumovirus ) Is just a cold?

Jan 17, 2025 Posted by admin Pulmonology 0 comments

Overview

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a virus that usually causes symptoms similar to a cold. You might cough or wheeze, have a runny nose or a sore throat. Most cases are mild, but young children, adults over 65 and people with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk for serious illness. It often causes upper respiratory infections, but it can sometimes cause lower respiratory infections like pneumonia, asthma flare-ups or make chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worse. HMPV infections are more common in the winter and early spring. Hmpv  virus is diagnosed via, RTPCR/ Swab Test like we do in Covid 19 so, everyone knows what RTPCR – reverse transcript test polymerised chain reaction  to look at the viral particles the RNA part of this virus and RTPCR is the gold standard. If one is severely ill, you might need to be admitted to the hospital. There, healthcare providers can monitor your condition and help prevent you from getting sicker. They might treat you with:

  • Oxygen therapy
  •  IV fluids.
  • Corticosteroids

Symptoms and Causes

Generally, people infected with hMPV will have cold or flu-like symptoms:

  • cough
  • fever
  • sore throat
  • runny or stuffy nose
  • body ache
  • headache.

It can make a few people quite sick, causing infection of the lung (pneumonia) or inflammation of the airways to the lungs (bronchiolitis, bronchitis). Symptoms of more severe disease include wheezing, difficulty breathing, chest pain, dizziness, severe fatigue, dehydration, or a persistent fever that does not improve. If someone is experiencing any of these severe symptoms, they should seek medical advice.

A virus — a small germ that uses your cells to make more copies of itself — causes HMPV. It’s part of the same group of viruses that cause RSV, measles and mumps.

HMPV spreads through direct contact with someone who has it or from touching things contaminated with the virus. For instance:

  • Coughing and sneezing.
  • Shaking hands, hugging or kissing.
  • Touching surfaces or objects like phones, door handles, keyboards or toys.

Risk factors for human metapneumovirus?

Anyone can get HMPV, but you’re at a higher risk for severe illness if you:

  • Are younger than 5 (especially premature infants) or older than 65.
  • Have a weakened immune system (from conditions like HIV, cancer or autoimmune disorders, or from medications that suppress your immune system).
  • Have asthma or COPD.

Diagnosis and Tests

HMPV based on your symptoms and health history. They might use a soft-tipped stick (swab) to get a sample from your nose or throat. A lab tests the sample for viruses and other infections. Keep in mind that you probably won’t be tested for HMPV unless you have serious symptoms.

Sometimes, your provider may also do a bronchoscopy or chest X-rays to look for changes in the airways of your lungs.

Treatment

As hMPV is a cold virus, people can treat their symptoms with over-the-counter medicines to treat pain, fever, stuffy nose and cough. Getting plenty of rest and staying hydrated also helps.

Currently, there is no approved antiviral medicine for hMPV. Most people feel better in a few days. If symptoms get worse, they should contact their health care provider. Those who are at higher risk should also consult their doctor, even if their symptoms are not too bad.

In a small number of cases, when people need to be hospitalized, doctors may give them extra oxygen to help them recover.

Prevention

You can reduce your risk of getting HMPV and other infectious diseases by:

  • Washing your hands often with soap and water. If you aren’t able to use soap and water, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
  • Cover your nose and mouth — with your elbow, not your bare hand — when you sneeze or cough.
  • Avoid being around other people when you or they are sick with a cold or other contagious diseases.
  • Consider wearing a mask if you’re sick and can’t avoid being around others.
  • Avoid touching your face, eyes, nose and mouth.
  • Don’t share food or eating utensils (forks, spoons, cups) with others.

Takeaway

There is no need to panic, Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common virus that usually causes symptoms similar to a cold. If you’re older than 5, you’ve probably already had it at least once. Most of the time, you’ll get better at home in a few days. But sometimes HMPV can cause serious complications. Young children, adults over 65 and people with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk for severe illness. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any concerns about HMPV. Seek medical care right away if you or your child is having trouble breathing or if you have other signs of serious illness.

Further to add we also provide many other major diagnoses treatment abroad such as cardiac surgery, Neurospine surgery, Transplants etc , if you or your loved ones looking for this kind of treatment please do share the latest reports to us via email – query@gtsmeditour.com or  you can whatsapp the reports, images etc on +91 9880149003 and get the free medical opinion.

Thank you..!

 

Cerebellar Ataxia – All you need to be aware..!

Jan 12, 2025 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

Ataxia describes poor muscle control that causes clumsy movements. It can affect walking and balance, hand coordination, speech and swallowing, and eye movements.

Ataxia usually results from damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum controls muscle coordination. Many conditions can cause ataxia, including genetic conditions, stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases and alcohol misuse. Certain medicines also can cause ataxia. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. Some studies have found that aerobic and strength exercises may be beneficial for some people with ataxia

Causes

Ataxia is caused by damage to the part of the brain called the cerebellum or its connections. The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain and connects to the brainstem. The cerebellum helps control balance, eye movements, swallowing and speech.

There are three major groups of ataxia causes: acquired, degenerative and hereditary.

Acquired causes

  • Ataxia is a potential side effect of certain medicines. It can be caused by sedatives such as phenobarbital and benzodiazepines. It also may be caused by anti-seizure medicines, especially phenytoin. Some types of chemotherapy also can cause ataxia.
  • Heavy metal poisoning, such as from lead or mercury, and solvent poisoning, such as from paint thinner, also can cause ataxia.
  • Too little or too much of certain vitamins.Ataxia may be caused by not getting enough vitamin E, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-1, also known as thiamine. Too little or too much vitamin B-6 also may cause ataxia. Not getting enough of a certain vitamin is known as a vitamin deficiency. When a vitamin deficiency is the cause of ataxia, it often can be reversed.
  • Thyroid conditions.Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia.
  • Sudden onset of ataxia occurs with a stroke. This may be either due to a blood vessel blockage or bleeding on the brain.
  • Multiple sclerosis.This condition may cause ataxia.
  • Autoimmune diseases.Several diseases in which the immune system attacks healthy cells, known as autoimmune diseases, can cause ataxia. They can include a disease that causes inflammatory cells to collect in parts of the body, known as sarcoidosis. Or they may include an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten, known as celiac disease. Ataxia also can be caused by certain types of a condition that results in swelling in the brain and spinal cord, called encephalomyelitis.
  • Rarely, ataxia may be a symptom of chickenpox in childhood and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. It might appear in the healing stages of the infection and last for days or weeks. The symptom usually gets better over time.
  • COVID-19.Ataxia can result from a serious infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes.These are rare degenerative conditions triggered by an immune system response to a cancerous tumor, known as a neoplasm. Paraneoplastic syndromes most often occur from lung, ovarian or breast cancer or lymphoma. Ataxia can appear months or years before the cancer is diagnosed.
  • Changes in the brain.An infected area in the brain, known as an abscess, may cause ataxia. And a growth on the brain, such as a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, can damage the cerebellum.
  • Head trauma.Brain damage may cause ataxia.
  • Cerebral palsy.This is a general term for a group of conditions caused by damage to a child’s brain. The damage may happen before, during or shortly after birth. It affects the child’s ability to coordinate body movements.

Degenerative causes

  • Multiple system atrophy.This rare condition affects movements and functions such as blood pressure. It can cause ataxia and other symptoms, including lack of bladder control, fainting after standing up and a sleep behavior condition in which a person acts out dreams.

Hereditary causes

Some types of ataxia and some conditions that cause ataxia are passed down in families. These conditions also are called hereditary. If you have one of these conditions, you may have been born with a genetic change that causes the body to make irregular proteins.

 

 

Symptoms

Ataxia symptoms can develop over time or start suddenly. Ataxia can be a symptom of several nervous system conditions. Symptoms may include:

  • Poor coordination.
  • Walking unsteadily or with the feet set wide apart.
  • Poor balance.
  • Trouble with fine motor tasks such as eating, writing or buttoning a shirt.
  • Changes in speech.
  • Back-and-forth eye movements that can’t be controlled.
  • Trouble swallowing.

Treatments

Ataxia treatment depends on the cause. If ataxia is caused by a condition such as vitamin deficiency or celiac disease, treating the condition may help improve symptoms. If ataxia results from chickenpox or other viral infections, it is likely to resolve on its own.

People with Friedreich ataxia can be treated with an oral medicine called omaveloxolone (Skyclarys). The U.S. Food and Drug Association approved the medicine for adults and teenagers 16 and older. In clinical trials, taking the medicine improved symptoms. People who take this medicine need regular blood tests because omaveloxolone can affect liver enzyme and cholesterol levels. Potential side effects of omaveloxolone include headache, nausea, stomach pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and muscle and joint pain.

Symptoms such as stiffness, tremor and dizziness might improve with other medicines. Your healthcare professional also might recommend adaptive devices or therapies.

Adaptive devices

Ataxia caused by conditions such as multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy might not be treatable. But adaptive devices may help. They include:

  • Hiking sticks or walkers for walking.
  • Modified utensils for eating.
  • Communication aids for speaking.

Therapies

You might benefit from certain therapies, including:

  • Physical therapy to help with coordination and enhance mobility.
  • Occupational therapy to help with daily living tasks, such as feeding yourself.
  • Speech therapy to improve speech and aid swallowing.

Some studies have found that aerobic and strength exercises may be beneficial for some people with ataxia.

Further if  you come across any one with neurological disorder or any kind of disease sufferer you can share us the latest reports of the patient to our email address – query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp   +91 9880149003 all the reports and MRI clips and get  free second medical opinion from the highly experienced doctors  connected with us from Major hospitals.

Thank you..!