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Intussusception – children

Dec 31, 2024 Posted by admin Paediatrics 0 comments

Overview

Intussusception is a rare, serious disorder  the sliding of one part of the intestine into another. This telescoping action often blocks food or fluid from passing through. Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children younger than 3 years old. The cause of most cases of intussusception in children is unknown. Though intussusception is rare in adults, most cases of adult intussusception are the result of an underlying medical condition, such as a tumor. Intussusception also cuts off the blood supply to the part of the intestine that’s affected. This can lead to infection, death of bowel tissue or a tear in the bowel, called perforation. In children, the intestines can usually be pushed back into position with a minor procedure. In adults, surgery is often required to correct the problem.

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Causes

Intussusception is caused by part of the intestine being pulled inward into itself.

The pressure created by the walls of the intestine pressing together causes:

  • Decreased blood flow
  • Irritation
  • Swelling

Intussusception can block the passage of food through the intestine. If the blood supply is cut off, the segment of intestine pulled inside can die. Heavy bleeding may also occur. If a hole develops, infection, shock, and dehydration can take place very rapidly.

The cause of intussusception is not known. Conditions that may lead to the problem include:

  • Viral infection
  • Enlarged lymph node in the intestine
  • Polyp or tumor in the bowel

Intussusception can affect both children and adults. It is more common in boys. It usually affects children ages 5 months to 3 years.

Symptoms

Children

The first sign of intussusception in an otherwise healthy infant may be sudden, loud crying caused by belly pain. Infants who have belly pain may pull their knees to their chests when they cry.

The pain of intussusception comes and goes, usually every 15 to 20 minutes at first. These painful episodes last longer and happen more often as time passes.

Other symptoms of intussusception include:

  • Stool mixed with blood and mucus — sometimes referred to as currant jelly stool because of its appearance.
  • Vomiting.
  • A lump in the belly.
  • Weakness or lack of energy.
  • Diarrhea.

Not everyone has all of the symptoms. Some infants have no obvious pain. Some children don’t pass blood or have a lump in the belly. And some older children have pain but no other symptoms.

 Diagnosis

The health care provider will perform a thorough exam, which may reveal a mass in the abdomen. There may also be signs of dehydration or shock.

Tests may include:

Risk factors

Risk factors for intussusception include:

  • Age. Children — especially young children — are much more likely to develop intussusception than adults are. It’s the most common cause of bowel obstruction in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years.
  • Sex. Intussusception more often affects boys.
  • Irregular intestinal formation at birth. Intestinal malrotation is a condition in which the intestine doesn’t develop or rotate correctly. This increases the risk of intussusception.
  • Certain conditions. Some disorders can increase the risk of intussusception, including:
    • Cystic fibrosis.
    • Henoch-Schonlein purpura, also known as IgA vasculitis.
    • Crohn’s disease.
    • Celiac disease.

Treatment

Treatment options for intussusception may include:

  • A water soluble contrast or air enema. This is both a diagnostic procedure and a treatment. If an enema works, further treatment is usually not necessary. This treatment can actually fix intussusception 90% of the time in children, and no further treatment is needed. If the intestine is torn (perforated), this procedure can’t be used.

    Intussusception recurs up to 20% of the time, and the treatment will have to be repeated. It is important that a surgeon be consulted even if treatment with enema is planned. This is because of the small risk of a tear or rupture of the bowel with this therapy.

  • Surgery. If the intestine is torn, if an enema is unsuccessful in correcting the problem or if a lead point is the cause, surgery is necessary. The surgeon will free the portion of the intestine that is trapped, clear the obstruction and, if necessary, remove any of the intestinal tissue that has died. Surgery is the main treatment for adults and for people who are acutely ill.

In some cases, intussusception may be temporary and go away without treatment.

Further, if you come across any of your friend or closed one looking for any kind of disease treatment you can share  us the latest available reports via, email – query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp the reports to us +91 9880149003 and get the second medical opinion which can help you decide to take right treatment.

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Living with Sheehan’s syndrome..

Dec 25, 2024 Posted by admin Gynaecology 0 comments

Overview

Sheehan syndrome is also called postpartum hypopituitarism or postpartum pituitary necrosis. Sheehan’s syndrome occurs as a result of ischemic pituitary necrosis due to severe postpartum hemorrhage i.e, severe blood loss during childbirth causes long-term damage to your pituitary gland. A damaged pituitary gland can’t produce enough of the hormones your body needs to function. Sheehan syndrome is rare but treatable with medication.

If you have Sheehan syndrome, severe blood loss deprives your pituitary gland of the oxygen it needs to work properly. As a result, some of the tissue in your pituitary gland dies.

Your pituitary gland sits at the base of your brain. It grows during pregnancy, making it susceptible to injury. Damage to your pituitary gland can have widespread effects on your body because it’s a “master gland.” Not only does your pituitary gland secrete hormones that spur important processes in your body, but it also tells other glands to secrete hormones. Your pituitary gland helps regulate processes that impact your brain, reproductive system, muscles, skin, energy and mood.

Sheehan syndrome is unfortunately most common in developing nations like India. Sheehan syndrome can be life-threatening if you don’t get treated. With long-term hormone therapy, you should be able to live a healthy, normal life. Due to advances in medical care, Sheehan syndrome is very rare but treatable with medications.

Causes

Severe blood loss during childbirth causes Sheehan syndrome. Your pituitary gland grows during pregnancy and can even double in size. The size increase makes it especially vulnerable to injury if it doesn’t get enough oxygen. Losing too much blood or experiencing a severe drop in blood pressure during childbirth deprives your pituitary gland of the oxygen it needs to stay healthy.

As a result of this damage, your pituitary gland can’t produce enough of the hormones you need to regulate certain body functions. Insufficient hormones can negatively impact several of your body’s common functions. Hormone deficiencies resulting from a pituitary gland injury can slow or stop processes related to your reproductive system, nervous system and more.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Sheehan syndrome sometimes start right after childbirth. Or, they can come on gradually months or even years later. Women who have very little damage to their pituitary gland might not develop symptoms for several years.

Symptoms of Sheehan syndrome include:

  • difficulty breastfeeding or an inability to breastfeed
  • irregular menstrual periods (oligomenorrhea) or no periods (amenorrhea)
  • weight gain
  • intolerance to cold
  • slowed mental function
  • loss of pubic and underarm hair
  • fatigue or weakness
  • fine wrinkles around the eyes and lips
  • breast shrinkage
  • dry skin
  • joint pain
  • decreased sex drive
  • low blood sugar
  • low blood pressure
  • irregular heartbeat

Factors

Factors that make you more likely to have severe blood loss include:

  • placental abruption, when the placenta that nourishes the unborn baby detaches from the uterus
  • placenta previa, when the placenta partly or totally covers the cervix (the bottom part of the uterus that connects to the vagina)
  • giving birth to a large baby, who weighs more than 8.8 pounds (4,000 grams), or having multiples, like twins
  • preeclampsia, high blood pressure during pregnancy
  • assisted labor, a forceps or vacuum-assisted delivery

Diagnosis and Tests

  • Medical history. Tell your provider about any blood loss or other complications you experienced during previous childbirths. Let them know about any symptoms afterward (for instance, having trouble producing breast milk or not getting a menstrual period). Tell your provider about any symptoms you’re experiencing, including when they occur and what improves them.
  • Blood tests. Your provider will take a sample of your blood and check the hormone levels that relate to your pituitary gland’s functioning.
  • Imaging tests. An MRI  (magnetic resonance imaging) can allow your provider to rule out other causes of your symptoms, like a tumor on your pituitary gland. They may order a CT scan (computed tomography scan) if the MRI results are inconclusive.

Treatment & Management

Treatment for Sheehan syndrome is to take the hormones your body no longer produces. You’ll need to stay on most of these hormones for life:

  • Corticosteroids. Prednisone or hydrocortisone replaces adrenal hormones.
  • Levothyroxine (Levoxyl, Synthroid). This medication increases the levels of the hormones your thyroid gland makes.
  • Estrogen plus progesterone (or estrogen alone, if your uterus has been removed). These female hormones help normalize your menstrual cycle. You can stop taking them once you reach the age of menopause.
  • LH and FSH. These hormones stimulate ovulation and can help you get pregnant.
  • Growth hormone. This hormone helps maintain bone density, improves your body’s ratio of muscle to fat, and lowers cholesterol levels. A specialist called an endocrinologist will oversee your treatment. You’ll have regular blood tests to check your hormone levels.

Prognosis

With treatment, the prognosis for Sheehan syndrome is excellent. Most people don’t have serious complications. Many have successful pregnancies following their diagnosis, with careful observation from their care team. You’ll need to see your endocrinologist for regular checkups to ensure that you’re receiving the right amount of medication you need to make up for any hormone deficiencies. Part of your follow-up care will involve regular blood draws to check hormone levels.

Further if you come across with your colleagues, near ones and dear ones with any kind of diagnosis untreatable at your place due to non availability of advance machineries or technology , we are here to assist you the best way possible treatment available with us via major hospitals we are connected, you just need to share us the latest reports via, email – query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp the same on +91 9880149003 and avail free medical opinion .

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How rabies can lead to death if unvaccinated

Dec 10, 2024 Posted by admin General Health 0 comments

Overview

Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. In India rabies virus is usually transmitted through a bite especially stray dog, once a person begins showing signs and symptoms of rabies, the disease nearly always causes death. For this reason, anyone who may have a risk of contracting rabies should receive rabies vaccinations for protection. It causes symptoms like seizures, hallucinations and paralysis. Rabies is preventable if you’re vaccinated quickly after exposure. Once symptoms start, rabies is fatal.

There’s no approved treatment for rabies once you have symptoms. If you’ve been exposed to rabies (were bitten by or been in contact with an infected animal), contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible.

Clean the wound gently but thoroughly with soap and water. Ask your provider for additional instructions on cleaning the wound. Your provider will give you a series of shots (vaccinations) to prevent the virus from causing rabies. They’ll also give you an antibody treatment directly to the wound if you’ve never been vaccinated before.

Symptoms

Prodromal symptoms of rabies

  • Fever.
  • Tiredness (fatigue).
  • Bite wound burning, itching, tingling, pain or numbness.
  • Cough.
  • Sore throat.
  • Muscle pain.
  • Nausea and vomiting.
  • Diarrhea.

Acute neurologic symptoms of rabies

Neurological symptoms of rabies are either furious or paralytic. Furious rabies symptoms may come and go with periods of calm in between (furious episodes).

Furious rabies symptoms
  • Agitation and aggression.
  • Restlessness.
  • Seizures.
  • Hallucinations.
  • Muscle twitching (fasciculations).
    • Fever.
    • Racing heart (tachycardia).
    • Fast breathing (hyperventilation).
    • Excessive salivation.
    • Two different-sized pupils (anisocoria).
    • Facial paralysis (facial palsy).
    • Fear of water/drinking (hydrophobia).
    • Fear of air being blown in your face/drafts (aerophobia).
    • Delirium.
    Paralytic rabies symptoms
    • Fever.
    • Headache.
    • Neck stiffness.
    • Weakness, especially starting from the body part that was bitten and progressing to other body parts.
    • Tingling, “pins and needles” or other strange sensations.
    • Paralysis.
    • Coma.

Causes

The rabies virus causes a rabies infection. The virus spreads through the saliva of infected animals. Infected animals can spread the virus by biting another animal or a person.

In rare cases, rabies can be spread when infected saliva gets into an open wound or the mucous membranes, such as the mouth or eyes. This could happen if an infected animal licked an open cut on your skin.

Animals that can transmit the rabies virus

Any mammal (an animal that suckles its young) can spread the rabies virus. The animals most likely to spread the rabies virus to people include:

Pets and farm animals
  • Cats
  • Cows
  • Dogs
  • Ferrets
  • Goats
  • Horses
Wild animals
  • Bats
  • Beavers
  • Coyotes
  • Foxes
  • Monkeys
  • Raccoons
  • Skunks
  • Woodchucks

In very rare cases, the virus has been spread to tissue and organ transplant recipients from an infected organ.

Diagnosis and Tests

Unlike most illnesses, you shouldn’t wait for symptoms to diagnose rabies. If you’ve been bitten or scratched by a wild animal or a pet that might have rabies, talk to your healthcare provider right away. They’ll examine your wound and ask questions to determine whether you need to be treated for rabies. You may also be tested for signs of rabies.

Your provider may ask you:

  • How you got hurt.
  • What kind of animal scratched or bit you.
  • Whether they can test or observe the animal.

If the animal could have rabies, it’ll be watched for signs or tested, if possible. Animals have to be euthanized (humanely killed) to test them.

What tests will be done to diagnose this condition?

Tests for rabies might include:

  • Saliva test. You’ll spit into a tube. It’ll be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
  • Skin biopsy. Your provider will take a small sample of skin from the back of your neck. Your skin sample will be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid test (lumbar puncture). Your provider will use a needle to take a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from your lower back. Your CSF sample will be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
  • Blood tests. Your provider will use a needle to take blood from your arm. Your blood will be sent to a lab to look for signs of rabies.
  • MRI. You’ll lie in a machine that takes pictures of your brain. Your provider will use the pictures to help determine what’s causing your symptoms.

Treatment

Once a rabies infection is established, there’s no effective treatment. Though a small number of people have survived rabies, the disease usually causes death. For that reason, if you think you’ve been exposed to rabies, you must get a series of shots to prevent the infection from taking hold.

Treatment for people bitten by animals with rabies

If you’ve been bitten by an animal that is known to have rabies, you’ll receive a series of shots to prevent the rabies virus from infecting you. If the animal that bit you can’t be found, it may be safest to assume that the animal has rabies. But this will depend on several factors, such as the type of animal and the situation in which the bite occurred.

Rabies shots include:

  • A fast-acting shot (rabies immune globulin) to prevent the virus from infecting you. This is given if you haven’t had the rabies vaccine. This injection is given near the area where the animal bit you if possible, as soon as possible after the bite.
  • A series of rabies vaccinations to help your body learn to identify and fight the rabies virus. Rabies vaccinations are given as injections in your arm. If you haven’t previously had the rabies vaccines, you’ll receive four injections over 14 days. If you have had the rabies vaccine, you’ll have two injections over the first three days.

Determining whether the animal that bit you has rabies

In some cases, it’s possible to determine whether the animal that bit you has rabies before beginning the series of rabies shots. That way, if it’s determined the animal is healthy, you won’t need the shots.

Procedures for determining whether an animal has rabies vary by situation. For instance:

  • Pets and farm animals. Cats, dogs and ferrets that bite can be observed for 10 days to see if they show signs and symptoms of rabies. If the animal that bit you remains healthy during the observation period, then it doesn’t have rabies and you won’t need rabies shots.

    Other pets and farm animals are considered on a case-by-case basis. Talk to your doctor and local public health officials to determine whether you should receive rabies shots.

  • Wild animals that can be caught. Wild animals that can be found and captured, such as a bat that came into your home, can be killed and tested for rabies. Tests on the animal’s brain may reveal the rabies virus. If the animal doesn’t have rabies, you won’t need the shots.
  • Animals that can’t be found. If the animal that bit you can’t be found, discuss the situation with your doctor and the local health department. In certain cases, it may be safest to assume that the animal had rabies and proceed with the rabies shots. In other cases, it may be unlikely that the animal that bit you had rabies and it may be determined that rabies shots aren’t necessary.

Conclusion

Bringing awareness is as important as preventing the rabies spread. so if you have pets at home ensure they are vaccinated timely, as said prevention is better than cure. also if you come accross your friends looking for any kind of neurological disease treatment  abroad you share  us the latest reports via email query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp on +919880149003.

we shall assist you best opinion as well treatment abroad with  translation & accommodation assistance.

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Exophoria

Dec 6, 2024 Posted by admin Ophthalmology 0 comments

Overview

Exophoria is an eye condition in which one eye drifts uncontrollably outwards. Exophoria is a problem with eye coordination and may occur due to issues with the muscles and nerves that control eye movements. Your two eyes each see at slightly different angles. Your brain automatically blends the images from each eye to create a single image instead of double vision. With exophoria, one of your eyes drifts so far out of coordination with the other that your brain can’t blend the two images. The exact cause isn’t yet known, but the problem usually lies in the eye muscles. Exophoria symptoms usually first appear early in life, from elementary to high school. It tends to happen while you’re looking at things close to your eyes, like reading, writing, or using a computer. It’s also likely to happen while you cover one of your eyes. To find problems with eye coordination, they’ll likely perform a cover test. This involves covering one of your eyes slowly or quickly. They’ll observe your eye movements during the process. The doctor may put a prism near your eye to see if it improves your vision.Managing exophoria involves minimizing symptoms, while treating exophoria targets the underlying cause of the problem.In some cases of exophoria, specialized lenses or prisms are all it takes to manage symptoms and increase productivity. But in the vast majority of cases, the most effective way to manage and treat exophoria is a personalized vision therapy program coupled with specialized lenses.Vision therapy is a tailor-made set of eye exercises that help the eyes and brain work seamlessly as a team.

Symptoms

Symptoms of exophoria may include:

  • sore or tired eyes
  • rubbing the eyes
  • double vision
  • blurred vision
  • difficulty concentrating
  • difficulty reading, such as losing the place or the sensation of words floating around
  • headaches
  • squinting
  • closing one eye to see something

Depending on the type of exophoria, people may find it difficult to focus on objects close-up or in the distance.

Causes

Issues with eye coordination may occur due to poor eye muscle control. If eye muscle control does not develop properly, it can lead to poor coordination of the eyes. In some cases, eye coordination problems may occur due to injury or disease, although this is rare.

Muscles and nerves help to control eye movements. If these muscles and nerves do not communicate properly, it can lead to problems controlling eye movements. This may result in the eye drifting outward and being unable to turn inward enough.

An eye doctor can diagnose exophoria with a vision test. They’ll also ask about your symptoms.‌

To find problems with eye coordination, they’ll likely perform a cover test. This involves covering one of your eyes slowly or quickly. They’ll observe your eye movements during the process. The doctor may put a prism near your eye to see if it improves your vision.‌

A child’s first eye exam should take place when they’re six months old, again at age three, then before they start the first grade. School-offered eye exams don’t always test for exophoria and other eye coordination problems. Visit a vision specialist’s office to get a full exam.

Sometimes, a child with exophoria may be misdiagnosed with another condition like ADHD, learning disabilities, and dyslexia. These conditions have similar symptoms, like difficulty reading and concentrating. Exophoria isn’t always obvious. It may be the underlying reason for these symptoms.

GTS in association with Ruby Hall clinic hospitals & Oman Family Physicians

Dec 1, 2024 Posted by admin Event 0 comments

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