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Paranoid schizophrenia

Apr 29, 2025 Posted by admin Mental health, Neurology 0 comments

Overview

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions. Although the course of schizophrenia varies among individuals, schizophrenia is typically persistent and can be both severe and disabling. The term “paranoid schizophrenia” is an outdated name for a subtype of schizophrenia. Experts no longer use or recognize this term. Instead, experts recognize schizophrenia as a specific disease, which is part of a spectrum of related conditions that involve psychosis. Schizophrenia usually happens at different ages depending on biological sex, but it doesn’t happen at different rates. It usually starts between ages 15 and 25 for males and between 25 and 35 for females. Schizophrenia in children is rare but possible, and these cases are usually much more severe. Experts estimate about 85 people out of every 10,000 will develop this condition at some point in their lifetime. Getting the proper treatment early is the best way to improve your chances of managing the illness. Some people can recover from schizophrenia entirely and never have it return. You may need to stay on medication for a long time, possibly even for life. People with schizophrenia also have a higher risk of dying by suicide, which means treatment can be life-saving, not just helpful.

Symptoms

The key symptoms of schizophrenia are:

Delusions.
Hallucinations.
Disorganized or incoherent speech.
Disorganized or unusual behavior.
Negative symptoms.

Delusions and hallucinations are the two symptoms that can involve paranoia.

Delusions. These are persistent false beliefs. A person who has a delusional belief usually won’t change their mind even if faced with strong evidence. Delusions involving paranoia are often “persecutory,” which means a person believes that someone is trying to harm them or negatively affect their life.
Hallucinations. These are events a person imagines (usually in the form of something that a person hears or sees). A person who has a hallucination typically can’t tell that what they’re experiencing isn’t real. These commonly feed into delusions by giving the person additional “evidence” to confirm that someone is trying to harm or upset them.

Causes

The three main reasons that schizophrenia happens include:

Chemical imbalances in your brain. The chemicals involved are those that your brain uses to communicate between brain cells.
Congenital brain problems. These are problems that affect your brain’s development before you’re born.
Communication disruptions between areas of the brain. Your brain relies on intricate networks of connections between its various areas. Experts suspect that schizophrenia happens because those connections deteriorate.

Experts believe several risk factors contribute to developing schizophrenia. Those risk factors include genetic mutations you inherit from one or both parents, exposure to certain chemicals or substances, complications during pregnancy and recreational drug use. However, experts have yet to uncover any confirmed triggers or causes for this condition.

Diagnosis and Tests

Usually a mental health specialist like a psychiatrist, diagnoses schizophrenia using a combination of tools and techniques. Some of the techniques involve analyzing your medical and personal history, asking you questions about your experiences and symptoms, and observing your behavior and actions.

Combining those methods is necessary because diagnosing schizophrenia requires the following:

At least two of the five main symptoms.
Main symptoms that have lasted at least one month, and overall effects that have lasted at least six months.
Disruption in your social or work life.

The possible tests include:

Imaging tests. These can include computerized tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and other imaging tests.
Blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (spinal tap) tests. These tests look for chemical changes in bodily fluids, as well as heavy metal poisoning, infections and more.
Brain activity testing. An electroencephalogram (EEG) analyzes and records the electrical activity in your brain, which can rule out seizures or epilepsy.

Management and Treatment

Schizophrenia is almost always treatable, but it isn’t curable. Some people can recover from schizophrenia entirely and never have it return. However, experts consider people in that situation “in remission” because there’s no way to predict if it will or won’t return. Schizophrenia treatment will center on managing your symptoms. You may need to stay on medication for a long time, possibly even for life. Psychotherapy, a kind of talk therapy, will likely also be a big part of the plan to help you understand and manage your symptoms.

Many types of professionals can help you manage schizophrenia. Each is an expert in something different and is able to support you in different ways. When everyone works together, you can get well-rounded care.

Your care team might include:

Social workers
Community mental health nurses
Occupational therapists
Counselors, psychotherapists, or therapists
Psychiatrists or psychologists
Pharmacists

Schizophrenia is a lifelong, incurable condition. Some people may have only one episode of schizophrenia in their lifetime. However, healthcare providers consider these cases “in remission” instead of cured or resolved because the symptoms can return unpredictably.

Taking care of yourself and managing schizophrenia is possible, especially when people with this condition build a strong, trusting relationship with a healthcare provider and their loved ones. Some of the most important things you can do to take care of yourself include:

Take your medication as prescribed (and don’t stop taking it without first talking to your provider).
See your provider as recommended (these visits can help with adjusting medication or treatment plans to help you best).
Don’t ignore or avoid your symptoms.
Avoid alcohol and recreational drug use (these can worsen your symptoms or cause other problems).
Consider seeking support.
Build relationships with people you trust — especially loved ones and your healthcare provider — and don’t isolate yourself from them.

Conclusion

If you come across any of your known friend, neighbour or loved one suffering from any disease unaffordable or untreatable at your country please feel free to contact us via email query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp us on +91 9880149003 and get second medical opinion from our professional healthcare providers abroad. further we shall assist in getting the appropriate treatment.

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Hirschsprung’s disease

Apr 24, 2025 Posted by admin Gastroenterology 0 comments

Overview

Hirschsprung’s disease is a condition that affects the large intestine (colon) and causes problems with passing stool this disease is also known as congenital megacolon. This condition is present at birth (congenital) as a result of missing nerve cells in the muscles of the baby’s colon. Without these nerve cells stimulating gut muscles to help move contents through the colon, the contents can back up and cause blockages in the bowel. If the baby has Hirschsprung’s disease, poop moves through their intestines until it reaches the section that’s missing nerve cells. Once the poop reaches that point, it moves slowly or stops (constipation). There’s no cure for Hirschsprung’s disease, but surgical treatment often results in a positive outcome. There are two types of surgeries to treat Hirschsprung’s disease: a pull-through procedure and an ostomy. Without treatment, Hirschsprung’s disease can cause serious complications. If everything goes well, your baby will feel much better a few days after surgery. No one can prevent Hirschsprung’s disease. If you have the disease or a family history of it, you may want to meet with genetic counselors before starting a family.

Symptoms

Some babies with Hirschsprung’s disease have blocked intestines at birth. There’s a chance your baby has Hirschsprung’s disease if they don’t poop within 48 hours after birth.

Other symptoms of Hirschsprung’s disease in babies may include:

Swollen belly.
Constipation.
Vomiting.
Diarrhea.
Lack of appetite (refusing to eat) and poor weight gain.
Delayed growth.

Causes

It’s not clear what causes Hirschsprung’s disease. It sometimes occurs in families and might, in some cases, be associated with a genetic mutation. During fetal development, neural crest cells typically grow from the top of the small intestine through the large intestine to the anus. In children with Hirschsprung disease, these nerve cells stop growing in the large intestine before reaching the anus.

Diagnosis and Tests

The physician will check the baby belly to see if it’s swollen and painful. Then they’ll check your baby’s rectum for backed-up poop, also perform one or more of these tests:

X-ray: Abdominal X-rays can show a blockage in your baby’s intestine.
Contrast enema: A healthcare provider inserts a catheter (a thin tube) through your baby’s rectum. The catheter fills their intestine with contrast, a safe liquid. A technician takes X-rays as the contrast travels through your baby’s intestine. This exam shows if there are any blockages or narrowing in your child’s intestines.
Biopsy: Your baby’s healthcare provider uses a special device to remove a small amount of tissue (biopsy) from your baby’s rectum. A pathologist then looks at the tissue under a microscope to check for nerve cells. This procedure isn’t painful and doesn’t require anesthesia.

Treatment

There are two types of surgeries to treat Hirschsprung’s disease: a pull-through procedure and an ostomy.

Pull-through procedure

A surgeon removes the section of your baby’s large intestine that’s missing nerve cells. Then they connect the healthy part of your baby’s large intestine to their anus. The surgeon may use laparoscopic or traditional surgery to perform the pull-through procedure.

The pull-through procedure is the most common surgery for Hirschsprung’s disease and has the best outcome for recovery.

Ostomy surgery

Your baby may need a colostomy (large intestine) or ileostomy (small intestine) before, or at the same time as, a pull-through procedure.

During ostomy surgery, surgeons connect the large or small intestine to the skin outside your baby’s belly. Ostomy surgery allows poop to leave your baby’s body through an opening (stoma) outside of your baby’s anus, usually around their belly. The poop goes into an ostomy bag attached to your baby’s body.

Additional treatments

Some nonsurgical treatments work well in addition to surgery. They include:

Bowel management: A routine involving medicines and/or enemas to make sure your child’s pooping habits are healthy.
Sacral nerve stimulation: A surgeon inserts a tiny device near your lower spine to control when you pee and poop.
Biofeedback: Therapy that involves learning strategies to have more control over involuntary bodily functions — in this case, pooping.

After surgery, some babies with Hirschsprung’s disease may still have constipation, pooping accidents and colon infections. But with long-term follow-up care, most children can manage pooping without becoming severely constipated or developing fecal incontinence.

Conclusion

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Hemifacial microsomia

Apr 23, 2025 Posted by admin Paediatrics, Plastic surgery 0 comments

Overview

Hemifacial microsomia is the second most common facial birth defect behind cleft lip and palate, affecting one in every 3,500 to 4,000 births. Hemifacial microsomia is a congenital condition in which the tissues on one side of the face are underdeveloped. It primarily affects the ear, mouth, and jaw areas, though it may also involve the eye, cheek, neck, and other parts of the skull, as well as nerves and soft tissue. In 10 to 15 percent of cases, both sides of the face are affected, oftentimes asymmetrically.

Children with hemifacial microsomia need ongoing medical care, including multiple surgeries. But once they reach early adulthood, they likely won’t need any more procedures. Long-term follow-up may be necessary to check for issues that come back or worsen over time. Hearing aids and implants may need adjusting.

Physical challenges and the psychological effects of looking different can impact your child’s emotional health. Seeking support through counseling is essential in helping your child develop coping strategies.

Causes

Symptoms can range from mild to severe and usually involve the underdevelopment of one or more facial features. Hemifacial microsomia affects everyone differently, and the degree of involvement can vary. One of the ways clinicians describe and assess the severity of hemifacial microsomia is the OMENS classification. The OMENS classification examines the function and appearance of each of the following, looking for characteristics commonly associated with hemifacial microsomia:

Orbit (eye socket): small and underdeveloped eyes with impaired vision; absent or unformed eye; growths on the eye; one eye appearing smaller than the other, but with normal vision
Mandible (the jaw bones): underdeveloped upper and lower jaw on one side; crooked jaw; missing, misaligned or overcrowded teeth; cleft lip and/or cleft palate; limited opening or closing of the mouth
Ear: small skin tags; misshapen or missing external ear; absent or abnormal development of the ear canal resulting in partial or total hearing loss
Nerves: ranging from mild weakness to partial or full facial paralysis
Soft tissues (skin, muscle, fat, tendons and ligaments): flattened forehead or cheekbone, unequal cheek fullness, asymmetrical mouth with lateral cleft

Most children with hemifacial microsomia have facial anomalies but no other major medical issues. In some cases, babies born with hemifacial microsomia may also have other health problems such as malformed vertebrae, heart defects or abnormally shaped kidneys.

Diagnosis and Tests

Healthcare providers typically start with a physical exam. They usually diagnose the condition shortly after birth. In some cases, they might detect it before birth using prenatal ultrasound or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

Your healthcare provider may need to run additional imaging tests to diagnose hemifacial microsomia, like:

X-rays
CT scans (computed tomography scans)

Management and Treatment

Treatment for this condition depends on the severity of involvement. Children with hemifacial microsomia usually need surgery to repair or reconstruct their facial features. The type and timing of these procedures depend on your child’s needs. In infancy, the focus of treatment is to make sure your baby is breathing and feeding well. In childhood and adolescence, the goal of treatment is to improve the function and appearance of the face. It’s often necessary to delay procedures or do them in multiple stages as your child grows.

Surgical treatments

Surgical treatments for hemifacial microsomia include:

Ear, nose and throat surgery
Facial plastic surgery
Eye surgery
Maxillofacial surgery
Oral surgery
Plastic surgery

Neonatal surgery

If your newborn has breathing difficulties or is unable to nurse, your healthcare provider may treat your baby’s hemifacial microsomia immediately after birth. The most common procedures done after delivery include:

Tracheostomy, an incision in your baby’s neck and windpipe to aid breathing
Tube feeding, which gives your baby nutrition if they’re unable to nurse

Nonsurgical treatments

In addition to surgical treatments, your healthcare provider may recommend these nonsurgical therapies:

Braces and other teeth-straightening devices
Hearing aids for mild hearing loss
Speech therapy to address challenges with swallowing and speaking

During follow-up visits, diagnostic testing may be done. The goal of continued monitoring is to help spot any irregularities in growth or development and to address health issues as they develop, optimizing long-term outcomes for your child.

Conclusion

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lower lip hemangioma

Apr 13, 2025 Posted by admin Plastic surgery 0 comments

Overview

Hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors commonly occurring in infancy and childhood, affecting females more than males. few may be present from birth or even develop in adults. Clinically, hemangioma presents as smooth or lobulated soft tissue mass, measuring few millimeters, which is hardly noticeable, to several centimeters causing physical disfigurement and functional disturbance. Sixty percent of the lesions occur in head and neck region with lip, tongue, and palate being the most preferred site. Detailed study of hemangioma and its growth pattern needs to be performed to hopefully yield targeted therapeutics to treat and reduce the unnecessary social embarrassment to the patient.

Most hemangiomas go through phases of growth, then go away on their own.

Phase 1 (first 2 to 3 months) – Appear during the first weeks of life and grow fast.
Phase 2 (next 3 to 4 months) – The growth slows down.
Phase 3 – No change.
Phase 4 (next 1 to 10 years) – At around 1 year of age, the hemangioma starts shrinking and fading in color slowly. Many go away during this time.
- By age 5, most hemangiomas are flat and lighter in color.
- By age 10, many are gone or very hard to see.

Some hemangiomas leave behind soft, wrinkly skin in areas that were stretched out by the growth. Others leave behind the look of surface blood vessels. If there are skin changes, your child may have a procedure when they’re older to correct the changes.

Diagnosis

The health care provider can usually look at their skin to see a hemangioma. If they can’t tell, your child may need an imaging test, like an ultrasound scan.

Types of Hemangiomas

Hemangiomas may happen anywhere on the body. Picture 1 shows the 3 main types:

Superficial (on the surface of the skin) – Look flat at first, then become bright red with a raised, uneven surface.

Deep (under the skin) – Appear as a bluish-purple swelling with a smooth surface.

Combined – Have both superficial and deep components.

the 3 types of hemangiomas on a baby's face

Treatment

If your child’s hemangioma needs to be treated, their doctor or health care provider will talk to you about options. Treatment depends on the size, location, and if it’s causing any problems for your child. Treatments may include:

Topical medicine (cream or lotion that is rubbed on the hemangioma):
- Topical beta blockers may help lighten the hemangioma and slow its growth. This works best on small, superficial hemangiomas.
- Topical antibiotics are used for open sores with concern for infection.
Oral medicine (taken by mouth) – Your child will be watched closely for side effects. They may need to have an exam before starting these medicines.
- Propranolol is the first oral treatment option.
- Prednisone may be used if propranolol doesn’t work or can’t be used on your child’s hemangioma.
Surgery – Your child may need surgery to remove the hemangioma. This is rare. It may be done when the hemangioma has stopped growing or other treatments have failed. Your child may also have surgery to remove markings left over from hemangiomas.
Laser – This may lighten the look of blood vessels left over from hemangiomas.

Conclusion

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