Motherhood has its rewards. Sagging or shrunken breasts and protruding stomachs are not among them. When exercise and diet don’t work, many women turn to plastic surgery to correct the unwanted after effects of childbearing and breastfeeding. Mommy makeover is multiple plastic surgery procedures that restore or improve their post pregnancy bodies.

During pregnancy the skin, muscles stretches resulting in laxity of the muscle, skin with stretch marks after the delivery. In most of the women due to lack of exercise/dieting post delivery/or in spite of doing exercises/dieting the muscle will not regain the tone/skin will not go for contraction resulting in the following combinations. Large abdomen mimicking pregnancy shape due to fat deposition, lax muscles and protrusion of abdominal contents outside or combination of the both with stretch marks. May be due to diverication of the recti, weakening of the muscle resulting in pregnancy appearance, may result in hernia in future date. Only lax skin with stretch marks without lax muscle. Only lax muscle without lax skin. Baby breast feeding may cause breasts to loose volume or sag. Rarely large breasts due to pregnancy may remain large.

Mommy make over surgery includes what surgeries?
Tummy tucking
Liposuction
Breast augmentation
Breast lift/tightening

Other surgeries are
Breast reduction
Areola reduction
Vaginal tightening
Labia reduction
Arm reduction
Face lift etc

Brief description about common procedures
Breast augmentation enhances the breast size using implants or by using available breast tissue. The surgery takes 2-3 hours and can be done on outpatient facility. Most patients are able to return to work in a few days.

Tummy tuck is a major surgical procedure in which the surgeon removes excess skin and fat from the abdomen and tightens the muscles of the abdomen wall. This procedure leaves the patient with a scar, which can extend from hip to hip. Most of them will recover after 2 week Correct time for this surgery- A year after delivery any time can be done. It is advisable no to do these procedures if the patient is planning to have few more children. No insurance cover, unless the patient is having hernia of the abdomen. All the procedures can be done together if the person is in a good health

Length:

2-6 hours, depends on the number of procedures

Anesthesia:

General anesthesia will be given.

Inpatient/Outpatient:

Depending on the type of surgery can be done on outpatient basis/or require admission for 48 hours.

Possible Side Effects/Risks:

Any surgical procedure will have side effects, depends on the type of surgery/to be discussed in detail before the surgery.

Recovery:

Depends on the type of procedure, in general will take about a weeks time.

Results:

Appreciable change will be seen with improved self confidence.

What are styes and chalazia?

Styes and chalazia are lumps in or along the edge of an eyelid. They may be painful or annoying, but they are rarely serious. Most will go away on their own without treatment.

• A stye  is an infection that causes a tender red lump on the eyelid. Most styes occur along the edge of the eyelid. When a stye occurs inside the eyelid, it is called an internal hordeolum (say “hor-dee-OH-lum”).
• A chalazion (say “kuh-LAY-zee-on”) is a lump in the eyelid. Chalazia (plural) may look like styes, but they are usually larger and may not hurt.

Styes and chalazia may be related to blepharitis, a common problem that causes inflammation of the eyelids.

What causes a stye or chalazion?

Styes are caused by a bacterial infection. Usually the bacteria grow in the root (follicle) of an eyelash. An internal hordeolum is caused by infection in one of the tiny oil glands inside the eyelid.

A chalazion forms when an oil gland in the eyelid becomes blocked. If an internal hordeolum doesn’t drain and heal, it can turn into a chalazion.

What are the symptoms?

A stye usually starts as a red bump that looks like a pimple along the edge of the eyelid.

• As the stye grows, the eyelid becomes swollen and painful, and the eye may water.
• Most styes swell for about 3 days before they break open and drain.
• Styes usually heal in about a week.

A chalazion starts as a firm lump or cyst under the skin of the eyelid.

• Unlike styes, chalazia often don’t hurt.
• Chalazia grow more slowly than styes. If a chalazion gets large enough, it may affect your vision.
• The inflammation and swelling may spread to the area surrounding the eye.
• Chalazia often go away in a few months without treatment.

How is a stye or chalazion diagnosed?

Doctors diagnose these problems by closely examining the eyelid. It may be hard to tell the difference between a stye and a chalazion. If there is a hard lump inside the eyelid, the doctor will probably diagnose it as a chalazion.

How are they treated?

Home treatment is all that is needed for most styes and chalazia.

• Apply warm, wet compresses for 5 to 10 minutes, 3 to 6 times a day. This usually helps the area heal faster. It may also help open a blocked pore so that it can drain and start to heal.
• Use an over-the-counter treatment. Try an ointment (such as Stye), solution (such as Bausch and Lomb Eye Wash), or medicated pads (such as Ocusoft Lid Scrub).
• Let the stye or chalazion open on its own. Don’t squeeze or open it.
• Don’t wear eye makeup or contact lenses until the area has healed.

If a stye is not getting better with home treatment, talk to your doctor. You may need a prescription for antibiotic eye ointment or eyedrops. You may need to take antibiotic pills if infection has spread to the eyelid or eye.

If a stye or chalazion gets very large, the doctor may need to pierce (lance) it so it can drain and heal. Do not try to lance it yourself.

How can you prevent styes and chalazia?

• Don’t rub your eyes. This can irritate your eyes and let in bacteria. If you need to touch your eyes, wash your hands first.
• Protect your eyes from dust and air pollution when you can. For example, wear safety glasses when you do dusty chores like raking or mowing the lawn.
• Replace eye makeup, especially mascara, at least every 6 months. Bacteria can grow in makeup.
• If you get styes or chalazia often, wash your eyelids regularly with a little bit of baby shampoo mixed in warm water.
• Treat any inflammation or infection of the eyelid promptly.

Immunotherapy :

This inflammation of the eyelids is the most common cause of dry eyes. It can result from:

• An excess growth of bacteria that’s normally found on your skin
• A blocked oil gland on your eyelid
• A hormone imbalance
• Allergies

What Are the Symptoms?

It makes your eyelids red, itchy, and a little swollen. The bases of your eyelashes may also look scaly. You might also notice:

• Feeling like something is in your eye
• A burning feeling in the eye
• Sensitivity to light
• Red and swollen eyes or eyelids
• Blurry vision
• Dry eyes
• Crusty eyelashes

How Is Blepharitis Treated?

There is no cure. But it can be treated and controlled. Just take care of your eyelids. If you don’t treat blepharitis, it could scar or injure your eye.

If you have blepharitis, take the steps listed below to help cleanse your eye:

• Wet a clean washcloth in warm (not hot) water.
• Wring it out and place it over your closed eyelids for 5 minutes.
• Rewet as necessary to keep it warm. This will help soften crusts and loosen oily debris.

If your doctor advises:

• Make a solution of half baby shampoo or mild soap, half water. Place the cloth over your index finger, dip it in the mix, and use it to clean your eyelid.
• Wash one lid at a time. Close the eye you’re cleaning. Rub the washcloth over your eyelashes and the edge of your lids for about 30 seconds to loosen clogged oils. Apply light pressure to squeeze out clogged oils from the glands behind your lashes.
• Rinse thoroughly with a clean, warm, wet washcloth. Pat dry.

If the blepharitis results from a problem with your oil glands, the doctor may suggest a testosterone cream to put on your eyelids. He may also suggest LipiFlow, a 12-minute procedure that gently heats clogged glands and applies mild pressure to “milk out” the oils.

Can I Prevent Blepharitis?

• Keep your eyelids clean.
• Remove all eye makeup before bedtime.
• Don’t use eyeliner on the back edges of your eyelids behind the lashes.
• If you’re in the early stages of treating blepharitis, you can prevent further irritation by not using makeup.
• Once you do start to use it again, replace products used in or near your eyelids. They may be contaminated.

Most often presenting as a keyhole-shaped pupil, coloboma may affect one or both eyes.

Persons with this problem of the iris often have fairly good vision, but those with it involving the retina may have vision loss in specific parts of the visual field, which can cause problems with reading, writing, and close-up work or play.

Large retinal colobomas, or those affecting the optic nerve, can cause vision loss that cannot be completely corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

This eye condition is estimated to occur in about one in 10,000 people. It is typically discovered at birth, although it does not always affect vision or the outward appearance of the eye.

Because this condition can be associated with other health conditions affecting the eye and other parts of the body, careful evaluation and monitoring of a child with coloboma is important. Although symptoms can be managed, there is currently no cure for the condition.

Symptoms of Coloboma:

Persons with an isolated coloboma may have normal vision and no symptoms, or they may have mild to severe vision impairment. How vision is affected depends on where the gap or gaps occur in the eye. Symptoms may include:

• Keyhole-shaped pupil
• Light sensitivity or photophobia (usually occurs with iris coloboma)
• Vision impairment or loss that may not always be correctable

What Other Conditions Are Associated With Coloboma?

Coloboma may occur by itself — which is described as nonsyndromic or isolated. It may occur with other conditions or as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. Some people with coloboma have associated eye abnormalities, including:

• Microphthalmia – one or both eyeballs are abnormally small
• Anophthalmia – no eyeball forms at all
• Cataract – clouding of the lens of the eye
• Glaucoma – increased pressure inside the eye that can damage the optic nerve
• Vision problems such as nearsightedness (myopia)
• Nystagmus – involuntary back-and-forth eye movements
• Retinal detachment – separation of the retina from the back of the eye
• Eyelid coloboma – gaps that occur in the eyelids are also called colobomas, but they arise from abnormalities in different structures during early development

Ocular Coloboma may be a feature of the following syndromes:

• Renal coloboma Asyndrome – characterized by optic nerve dysplasia and renal hypodysplasia
• CHARGE syndrome – characterized by coloboma, heart defects, atresia, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia (undescended testicles), and ear abnormalities
• Cat eye syndrome – characterized by coloboma, anal atresia, and an extra chromosome
• Morning glory syndrome – optic disc coloboma that may be accompanied by cranial facial, neurologic, and other symptoms

What Causes Coloboma to Develop?

The bottom line is, it results from abnormal development of the eye during the third trimester of gestation, when the eye is forming. The defect occurs when the optic fissure does not close completely. Its location depends on which part of the optic fissure fails to close.

Coloboma may occur spontaneously or it may be inherited. Persons with isolated coloboma can still pass the condition onto their children.

When it occurs as a feature of a genetic syndrome or chromosomal abnormality, it may cluster in families according to the inheritance pattern for that condition.

Environmental factors that affect early development, such as the exposure to alcohol and certain drugs during pregnancy, may increase the risk of coloboma.

How is Coloboma Diagnosed in Adults and Children?

Coloboma is often identified at birth by hospital staff, or by a parent who may notice something different about their baby’s pupil. A baby will be evaluated by an ophthalmologist who will perform a complete eye examination to determine how much of the eye is affected.

The examination typically involves use of an ophthalmoscope to look inside the baby’s eyes. The baby may be given a general anesthetic to avoid causing any distress during the examination. At this age, it is difficult to tell whether the baby will have vision problems.

A child with coloboma will be monitored closely by their ophthalmologist, and their vision will be tested on a regular basis.

In addition to an eye examination, a baby may undergo other testing to see whether any associated conditions are present, and to check his or her general health. The families of affected children may be referred for genetic counseling.

For the child with an isolated coloboma, this may involve an evaluation to determine the risk of recurrence. A child with a genetic form or a specific syndrome of which coloboma is a part, may be referred for certain genetic tests.

How Can I Manage My Coloboma?

You may not require treatment unless it is causing vision problems. If the child with a coloboma is healthy and has no other eye conditions or complications, then the recommendation may be an eye test every six months up to the age of seven years and then annually thereafter.

The purpose of the eye tests is to monitor the effect of the condition and the child’s eye health. Frequent monitoring of children with this condition is important because of the potential for the development of associated eye conditions, such as glaucoma and retinal detachment.

As children with coloboma get older, they may become concerned about the appearance of their eyes. Cosmetic contact lenses can help make the pupil look round rather than keyhole-shaped.

For children with light sensitivity, tinted glasses, sunglasses, wide-brimmed hats, and sunshades in cars can help reduce discomfort caused by bright lights or the sun.

 

Retinitis is a disease that threatens vision by damaging the retina — the light-sensing tissue at the back of your eye. Although there’s no cure, there are steps you can take to protect your sight and make the most of the vision you have.

Types of Retinitis

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP). This is a group of genetic eye diseases you inherit from one or both parents.

Some examples of RP and related diseases:

• Usher syndrome
• Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA)
• Rod-cone disease
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome

CMV retinitis. This is a type of retinitis that develops from a viral infection of the retina.

CMV (cytomegalovirus) is a herpes virus. Most people have been exposed to the virus, but it usually causes no harm. When a herpes virus is reactivated in people with weaker immune systems, it can cause retinitis.

 

Symptoms of Retinitis

Symptoms of RP. You’re most likely to get a diagnosis of RP as a teen or young adult.Vision loss is slow, and the rate of vision change varies from person to person. How quickly it moves depends on the genetic makeup of your RP.

• Early RP symptoms: Loss of night vision, making it harder to drive at dusk or night or to see in dimly lit rooms.
• Later RP symptoms: Loss of side (peripheral) vision, leading to tunnel vision — like looking through a straw.

Symptoms of CMV retinitis. In early stages, CMV retinitis causes no symptoms.

You may develop symptoms, first in one eye, over a few days.

Symptoms may include:

• Floaters (specks or clouds in your field of vision)
• Blurred vision
• Loss of side vision

Just as with RP, symptoms may occur first with central vision. This affects reading and perception of color.

Treatment

If you have retinitis, it’s important to see an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) regularly.

Treatment for RP. Supplements may slow the disease. Research has shown some promise with a combination of vitamin A, lutein, and oily fish high in the omega-3 fatty acid DHA.

Fish high in omega-3 fatty acid include:

• Salmon
• Tuna
• Sardines

Ask your eye doctor how much vitamin A is safe to take. In high levels, it can be toxic.

It may also help to wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from ultraviolet (UV) light.

Researchers are looking into a range of treatment options, such as stem cells, medications, gene therapy, and transplants. They are already making progress. For example, patients in a small genetic study have had some sight restored with genetic therapy. One day, it may be possible to treat RP by inserting healthy genes into your retina.

If you have RP, there are some devices that can help make objects look brighter and larger, such as low-vision magnifiers. These devices can help you remain independent and active.

You can also try rehabilitation services that can help you use the vision you have in a more effective way.

Treatment for CMV retinitis. To help prevent blindness, doctors both treat the retinitis and work to strengthen your immune system.

You may need an antiviral medication such as ganciclovir. You might take pills by mouth or receive an injection into a vein or eye.