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Multiple myeloma – A rare blood cancer

Oct 15, 2024 Posted by admin Oncology 0 comments

Overview

Multiple myeloma is a rare blood cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. it is a blood cancer related to lymphoma and leukemia.

Multiple myeloma happens when healthy cells turn into abnormal cells that multiply and produce abnormal antibodies called M proteins. This change starts a cascade of medical issues and conditions that can affect your bones, your kidneys and your body’s ability to make healthy white and red blood cells and platelets. As multiple myeloma gets worse, those plasma cells begin to spill out of your bone marrow and spread through your body.

Some people have multiple myeloma without symptoms but blood tests show signs of conditions that may become multiple myeloma. In this case, healthcare providers may recommend watchful waiting or monitoring your overall health rather than starting treatment. Healthcare providers can’t cure multiple myeloma, but they can treat related conditions and symptoms and slow its progress.

Causes

Multiple myeloma symptoms develop over time and may resemble other medical conditions or diseases. Here are some of the conditions linked to multiple myeloma and their causes:

Anemia: You don’t have enough red blood cells because multiplying abnormal plasma cells don’t leave room for your red blood cells.
Bacterial infection, particularly pneumonia: Like red blood cells, abnormal plasma cells are multiplying and crowding healthy white blood cells that fight infection.
Thrombocytopenia: You don’t have enough platelets — the cells that help your blood to clot — because abnormal plasma cells crowd out those platelets and keep your bone marrow from making enough platelets.
Bone pain/bone fracture: Bone pain and/or fracture can happen if abnormal plasma cells destroy bone tissue, causing a soft spot in your bone. These are osteolytic lesions.
Kidney problems/failure: Your kidneys filter waste and toxins. Abnormal plasma cells make M proteins that block the filtering process and damage your kidneys.
Amyloidosis: This disease happens when abnormal proteins (amyloid proteins) build up in your organs.
Hypercalcemia: This condition happens when damaged or weakened bones release too much calcium into your bloodstream.
Hyperviscosity syndrome: M proteins — proteins made by abnormal plasma cells — thicken your blood. Your heart has to work harder to pump blood through your body.
Cryoglobulinemia: Multiple myeloma can make proteins in your blood clump together when it’s cold.

Symptoms

Multiple myeloma causes many symptoms, but bone pain often is the first symptom people notice. Other symptoms include:

Weakness in your arms and legs and/or a sensation of numbness in your arms and legs. Multiple myeloma can affect the bones in your spine, causing them to collapse and press on your spinal cord.
Having fatigue — feeling so tired you can’t manage daily activities — and feeling weak. These are signs of anemia.
Nausea and vomiting. This may be a sign of hypercalcemia.
Not having an appetite and/or feeling thirstier than usual. These may be signs of hypercalcemia.
Unexplained weight loss.
Unexplained fever. This may be a symptom of a bacterial infection.
Bruising or bleeding more easily. This may be a sign abnormal plasma cells prevent your body from producing enough platelets. Platelets help your blood to clot.
Feeling confused or “foggy.”

Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis

To confirm a diagnosis, you might have blood tests including:

Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures your red and white blood cell numbers, the amount of hemoglobin in your red blood cells and your red blood cell concentration level.
Blood chemistry test: This test shows your creatine levels (how well your kidneys work), albumin levels (this is a protein), calcium levels and lactic dehydrogenase levels (LDH). LDH is a tumor marker. A tumor marker is a substance in cancerous cells or healthy cells responding to cancer.
Quantitative immunoglobulin test: This blood test measures the levels of certain antibodies in your blood.
Electrophoresis: This test looks for M proteins in your blood.
Urine tests: Healthcare providers may ask you to collect your urine at home over a 24-hour period so they can test for Bence Jones protein, another sign of multiple myeloma.
X-rays: Healthcare providers use X-rays to look for bones damaged by multiple myeloma.
Computed tomography (CT) scan: This is another way to look for bone damage.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses radio waves and strong magnets to create detailed images of your bones and spine. Healthcare providers may use this test to look for plasmacytomas. These are single groups of abnormal plasma cells.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: This is another test for plasmacytomas.
Bone marrow biopsies: Healthcare providers may do bone marrow biopsies to analyze the percentage of normal and abnormal plasma cells in your bone marrow. They may also test your bone marrow sample for changes in your DNA that may drive cancer growth.

Multiple Myeloma Complications

Multiple myeloma can cause problems including:

Bone problems. Your bones can become weaker, leading to fractures.
Blood problems. You might get anemia, which means your body doesn’t have enough red blood cells. This can make you tired and pale and cause heart problems. You might also have too few platelets, which makes it harder for your blood to clot.
Infections. When you have myeloma, your body produces a lot of weak antibodies that crowd out healthy ones, making it harder for you to fight infection. A lack of white blood cells can also weaken your immune system.
Kidney damage. Myeloma can clog your kidneys so they don’t filter the way they should. This might lead to kidney failure.

The staging process for multiple myeloma starts with placing the condition in one of four classifications:

MGUS: Blood tests show small amounts of M protein. About 1 % to 2% of people with MGUS develop multiple myeloma.
Solitary or isolated plasmacytomas: These are single groups of abnormal plasma cells.
SMM: This is a pre-cancerous form of multiple myeloma. People who have SMM may have mild symptoms along with tests showing small amounts of M protein in their blood and an increased number of plasma cells in their bone marrow.
Multiple myeloma: This classification means tests show multiple groups of abnormal plasma cells, high M protein levels in blood or urine and a high percentage of abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow. People in this classification often have anemia, hypercalcemia, kidney failure and osteolytic lesions.

Healthcare providers use the Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) to stage multiple myeloma. The RISS system is based in part on blood tests that show the levels of albumin, beta-2 microglobulin and lactate dehydrogenase. Healthcare providers also consider tests for specific gene abnormalities.

Management and Treatment

Some treatments healthcare providers may use if you have symptoms caused by multiple myeloma include:

Pain medications:People often have significant bone pain.
Antibiotics:A weakened immune system can lead to more infections. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to clear up these infections.
Steroids: High doses of steroids can kill cancer cells and reduce inflammation.
Chemotherapy: Healthcare providers use chemotherapy to reduce the number of abnormal plasma cells.
Immunotherapy:This treatment stimulates your immune system so it develops more cancer-fighting cells.
Radiation therapy: This treatment kills cancer cells and reduces bone tumors.
Stem cell transplants: Stem cells are specialized cells in your bone marrow or blood that can help produce healthy new plasma cells. Healthcare providers typically recommend autologous stem cell transplants. This treatment replaces damaged or unhealthy stem cells with healthy stem cells from your body. Rarely, you may receive healthy plasma stem cells from a donor. This is an allogenic stem cell transplant.

Conclusion

Multiple myeloma happens when healthy plasma cells become abnormal cells that multiply and produce abnormal antibodies. People live 10 years or more with multiple myeloma. As with most types of cancer, early diagnosis and treatment help people live longer. While there is no cure for multiple myeloma, it can treat related conditions and symptoms and slow its progression.

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Cervical myelopathy

Oct 11, 2024 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

Any space-occupying lesion within the cervical spine with the potential to compress the spinal cord can cause cervical myelopathy. The most common type is cervical spondylotic myelopathy, which happens after natural changes to your body as you age. It can cause neck pain, muscle weakness and numbness, among other symptoms. Surgery treats cervical myelopathy.

Once the disorder is diagnosed, complete remission to normality never occurs and spontaneous temporary remission is uncommon. In 75% of the patients, episodic worsening with neurological deterioration occurs, 20% have slow steady progression, and 5% experience rapid onset and progression.

Symptoms and Causes

The symptoms of cervical myelopathy and cervical spondylotic myelopathy include:

Neck pain or stiffness.
Numbness or tingling in your hands and arms.
Muscle weakness in your hands and arms.
Loss of balance and difficulty walking.
Difficulty with fine motor skills (like buttoning a shirt or holding silverware).

Common causes of compression include:

Bone spurs.
Herniated disk.
Narrow cervical canal (birth defect).
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Spondylolisthesis.
Spinal degeneration.
Spinal stenosis.
Traumatic injury.
Tumor.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy happens due to age-related changes that affect the structure and function of parts of your spine in your neck (spinal degeneration). These changes narrow the spinal canal (the opening where your spinal cord sits), which puts pressure on your spinal cord. Degenerative changes are a natural part of getting older.

Risk factors for cervical myelopathy..

Cervical myelopathy can affect anyone at any age. Studies show it’s more common among people of Asian descent older than 30 years.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy can affect anyone as well, but it’s more common among men and people assigned male at birth and adults after age 40. The average age of a diagnosis is 64.

If left untreated, cervical myelopathy symptoms may get worse. This might cause:

Severe pain.
Bowel and bladder dysfunction.
Nerve damage.
Difficulty walking (instability, high risk of falls).
Limited use of your fingers, hands and arms.
Paralysis.

Diagnosis and Tests

A healthcare provider will diagnose cervical myelopathy after a physical exam, a neurological exam and other testing. During the exams, your provider will review your symptoms and medical history. They may also test your balance, reflexes and dexterity, and observe you walking (if possible) to better understand how symptoms affect you.

Your provider may order imaging tests to look at your spine. Imaging tests may include:

X-ray.
MRI.
CT scan.
Myelogram.

Management and Treatment

There isn’t a cure available for all causes of cervical myelopathy. Surgery can decrease symptoms and prevent complications. Even after treatment, age-related changes may affect more than one area of your spine.

Nonsurgical cervical myelopathy management

A healthcare provider may recommend nonsurgical options to help you manage mild cervical myelopathy. They may include:

Wearing a neck brace.
Participating in physical therapy.
Taking medications.

Surgical cervical myelopathy treatment

You may be a candidate for surgery if you have:

Severe pain.
Muscle weakness.
Numbness.
Balance and walking challenges.
Difficulty with fine motor skills.

The procedure that a surgeon recommends can vary based on your symptoms, general health and your age. It may include one or a combination of the following:

Diskectomy.
Disk replacement.
Laminectomy.
Laminoplasty.
Spinal fusion.

surgeon will explain the possible risks before the procedure so you can make an informed decision about your health, also post surgery specific instructions on how to take care of yourself and when you should see them for a follow-up visit.

Prevention

You can’t prevent all causes of cervical myelopathy. Spinal cord compression related to cervical spondylotic myelopathy happens due to natural changes to your body as you age, which you can’t prevent. But you can reduce your risk of injury by taking safety precautions and avoiding high-risk or dangerous activities.

Conclusion

Your spinal cord has an important job in your body. Unpredictable things, like an accident or natural changes that happen as you age, can put pressure on your spinal cord. Like a bridge in a busy town, wear and tear is unavoidable. Your body needs maintenance and care in the same way a city’s infrastructure does to make sure vital parts have the support they need to function. This is especially important with cervical myelopathy.

A healthcare provider can help you manage symptoms and relieve pressure on your spinal cord. This may require surgery. While a procedure on your neck may be scary to think about, your care team will take extra precautions to make sure you’re safe and avoid complications.

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Sore Throat

Oct 2, 2024 Posted by admin General Health 0 comments

Sore throat presents as pain ,itching sensation or irritation in the throat, usually hurts more when you swallow. The most common cause of a sore throat (pharyngitis) is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. Most sore throats are caused by infections, or by environmental factors like dry air. Although a sore throat can be uncomfortable, it will usually go away on its own.

Causes of sore throat

Viral infection
Bacterial infection
Allergy to pollens, molds and smoke
Poor Oro dental hygiene
Acid reflux

Sore throats are divided into types,

Based on the part of the throat they affect:

Pharyngitis causes swelling and soreness in the throat.
Tonsillitis is swelling and redness of the tonsils, the soft tissue in the back of the mouth.
Laryngitis is swelling and redness of the voice box, or larynx.

Sore throat risk factors

Though anyone can get a sore throat, there are several factors that can increaseTrusted Source your risk.

Some common risk factors include:

Age: Children are more susceptibleTrusted Source to certain conditions that can cause a sore throat, including strep throat.
Time of year: Some types of infection are more commonTrusted Source during certain seasons, including winter.
Exposure to irritants: Several irritants, such as cigarette smoke or pollution, can cause a sore throat.
Personal hygiene: Infrequent hand washing could increase your risk of infection.
Certain settings: Some settings, such as schools and daycares, can increase the spread of infections that could cause a sore throat.
Vocal strain: People who regularly talk loudly, yell, or sing for long periods can strain their vocal cords more easily, leading to a sore throat.

Treatment includes

You can treat most sore throats at home. Get plenty of rest to give your immune a chance to fight the infection.

To relieve the pain of a sore throat:

Gargle with a mixture of warm water and 1/2 to 1 teaspoon of salt.
Drink warm liquids that feel soothing to the throat, such as hot tea with honey, soup broth, or warm water with lemon. Herbal teas can beTrusted Source especially soothing to a sore throat.
Cool your throat by eating a cold treat like a popsicle or ice cream.
Suck on a piece of hard candy or a lozenge.
Turn on a cool mist humidifier to add moisture to the air.
Rest your voice until your throat feels better.

Otherwise,

You can take medications to relieve the pain of a sore throat, or to treat the underlying cause.

Over-the-counter medications that relieve throat pain.

You can also use one or more of these treatments, which work directly on the pain of a sore throat:

a sore throat spray that contains a numbing antiseptic like phenol, or a cooling ingredient like menthol or eucalyptus
throat lozenges
cough syrup

How to prevent a sore throat

While a sore throat cannot always be avoided, there are several steps you can take to help prevent it.

Some ways you may be able to prevent a sore throat includeTrusted Source:

clean your hands regularly
limit close contact with others who have respiratory infections, sore throats, and colds
if you smoke, consider quitting
avoid exposure to secondhand smoke as much as possible

Conclusion:

Viral and bacterial infections, as well as irritants and injuries, cause the majority of sore throats. Most sore throats get better in a few days without treatment.

Rest, warm liquids, saltwater gargles, and over-the-counter pain relievers can help soothe the pain of a sore throat at home.

Strep throat and other bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. A doctor can use a swab test to find out if you have strep.

See a doctor for more severe symptoms, like trouble breathing or swallowing, a high fever, or a stiff neck.

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Pilonidal Cyst – An unusual pocket in the skin

Sep 25, 2024 Posted by admin Uncategorized 0 comments

Overview

A pilonidal cyst is an unusual pocket in the skin that usually contains hair, dirt and skin debris. The cyst is almost always near the tailbone at the top of the buttocks. When a pilonidal sinus becomes infected it can turn into an abscess or cyst. It can cause severe pain and may ooze pus and blood and have a strong odor.

A pilonidal sinus infection mostly affects men and is also common in young adults. It’s also more common in people who sit a lot, like cab drivers.

You may not have any noticeable symptoms at first other than a small, dimple-like depression on the surface of your skin. However, once the depression becomes infected, it will quickly develop into a cyst (a closed sac filled with fluid) or an abscess (a swollen and inflamed tissue where pus collects).

Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if the skin around your pilonidal cyst is inflamed, but antibiotics will not heal the cyst or make it go away.

This is the preferred method for your first pilonidal cyst. Your doctor makes a cut into the cyst and drains it. They remove any hair follicles and leave the wound open, packing the space with gauze.

It’s a simple procedure done under local anesthesia, meaning the doctor numbs just the area around the cyst. You have to change the gauze often until the cyst heals, which may take up to 3 weeks.

Symptoms

A pilonidal cyst may not cause symptoms. But if it’s infected, the skin around the cyst may be swollen and painful. Symptoms of an infected pilonidal cyst include:

A pit near the top of the buttocks crease.
Pain.
Inflamed, swollen skin.
Pus or blood leaking from an opening in the skin.
An odor from draining pus.

What are the causes of a pilonidal sinus infection?

The exact cause of an infected pilonidal sinus isn’t known, but it’s believed to be a combination of changing hormones hair growth, and friction from clothes or from spending a long time sitting.

Activities that cause friction, like sitting, can force the hair growing in the area to burrow back under the skin. The body considers this hair foreign and launches an immune response against it, similar to how it would react when dealing with a splinter.

This immune response forms the cyst around your hair. Sometimes a person may have multiple sinuses that connect under the skin.

The signs of an infection include:

pain when sitting or standing
swelling of the cyst
reddened, sore skin around the area
pus or blood draining from the abscess, causing a foul odor
hair protruding from the lesion
formation of more than one sinus tract, or holes in the skin

You may also experience a low-grade fever, but this is much less common.

Pilonidal Cyst Treatments

Can a pilonidal cyst go away on its own?

Sometimes, your cyst may open and drain on its own. If it does drain on its own, be sure to keep the area around it dry and clean.

Pilonidal cyst antibiotics

Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if the skin around your pilonidal cyst is inflamed, but antibiotics will not heal the cyst or make it go away.

Phenol injection

For this type of treatment, your doctor will first give you a local anesthetic. They will then inject phenol, a chemical compound used as an antiseptic, into the cyst. This procedure may need to be repeated several times. Eventually, this treatment will cause the lesion to harden and close.

This treatment has a very high recurrence rate. Therefore, it’s uncommon in the United States. Doctors turn to surgery as the treatment of choice in some cases.

Laser therapy

Laser therapy won’t cure your current pilonidal cyst, but it can remove hair to prevent it from becoming ingrown. This could help keep further cysts from developing.

Pilonidal cyst surgery

If your pilonidal cyst is chronic or keeps returning, you may need surgery. You also may need surgery if the cyst worsens and creates a hole under your skin. Some forms of surgery include:

Marsupialization. In this procedure, your doctor makes a cut and drains the cyst, removing pus and any hair inside. Then, they sew the edges of the cut to the wound edges to make a pouch.

Advantages — This is outpatient surgery under local anesthesia. It also lets your doctor make a smaller, shallower cut so that you don’t need to repack gauze daily.
Disadvantages — It takes about 6 weeks to heal, and you need a doctor specially trained in the technique.

Incision, drainage, closing of wound. In this technique, the doctor drains the cyst, but it’s not left open.

Advantage — You don’t need to pack gauze because your doctor fully closes the wound after surgery.
Disadvantages — You’re more likely to have problems with the cyst in the future. It’s harder to remove the entire cyst with this method. It’s usually done in an operating room with a specially trained surgeon.

Risk factors

Factors that might increase your risk of a pilonidal cyst include:

Being a young adult white male.
Being overweight.
Having an inactive lifestyle.
Sitting for long periods at a time.
Having thick, stiff body hair.

Pilonidal Cyst Complications

If your pilonidal cyst is not treated or keeps returning, you could develop what’s called sinus cavities (empty spaces under the skin) and pockets of infection.

Infected pilonidal cyst

An infected pilonidal cyst can be painful and is referred to as an abscess.

If your cyst is infected, the pus may smell bad, and you may get a fever and feel nauseated.

If your infected cyst worsens, the infection could spread throughout your body, which might be life-threatening.

Pilonidal cyst recurrence

Even with medical treatment, you may develop chronic pilonidal disease, which means your cysts keep coming back.

Prevention

To help prevent pilonidal cysts, try to:

Wash regularly.
Achieve or maintain a healthy weight.
Avoid prolonged sitting.

If you’ve had pilonidal cysts in the past, you might want to regularly shave the affected area or use hair removal products to reduce the risk of a new cyst.

Takeaways/Conclusion

Pilonidal cysts are small fluid-filled sacs or bumps that appear along the crease or top of your buttocks. If the cyst isn’t painful, you can try treating it yourself. However, if the pain worsens or appears to get infected, you should see your doctor. Your doctor can treat the pilonidal cyst or surgically remove it. It’s important to know the signs of pilonidal cysts since they can come back after treatment.

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Leptospirosis

Sep 22, 2024 Posted by admin General Health 0 comments

Overview

Leptospirosis, also called Weil disease, is the most common zoonotic infection in the world. One can get leptospirosis after getting water or soil contaminated by animal pee (urine) in your nose, your mouth, your eyes or a break in your skin. Leptospirosis risk often increases after a hurricane or flood when people have contact with contaminated water or soil. leptospirosis in people can lead to kidney damage, meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver failure, trouble breathing, and even death.

You can get leptospirosis no matter where you live, but it’s most common in tropical areas and warmer climates with lots of rainfall each year. You’re at an increased risk for leptospirosis if you live in or travel to these areas.

It generally takes 2-30 days to get sick after having contact with the bacteria that cause leptospirosis. The disease may occur in two phases:

In the first phase, people may have fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea. The person may feel better for a while but become ill again.

Some people may suffer a more severe second phase with kidney or liver failure, or inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).

The illness can last from a few days to several weeks. Without treatment, getting better may take several months.

Weil’s syndrome is often deadly if not treated or if you delay treatment. But if treated promptly, it’s very likely you’ll recover.

Signs and symptoms

In people, leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

Fever
Headache
Chills
Body or muscle aches
Vomiting or nausea
Yellowed skin and eyes (jaundice)
Red eyes
Stomach pain
Diarrhea
Rash

Many of these symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases. Some people have no symptoms.

Phases of leptospirosis

Leptospirosis consists of two phases: the leptospiremic (acute) phase and the immune (delayed) phase.

Leptospiremic phase

During the leptospirosis phase (also called the septicemic phase) you may experience a sudden onset of flu-like symptoms. This usually starts within two to 14 days after a Leptospira infection. It lasts between three and 10 days.

In this phase, bacteria are in your bloodstream and moving to your organs. Blood tests will show signs of infection.

Immune phase

In the immune phase, Leptospira bacteria has moved from your blood to your organs. The bacteria is most concentrated in your kidneys, which make pee (urine). Urine tests will show signs of the bacteria and you’ll have antibodies to Leptospira in your blood.

A small number of people will get very sick with Weil’s syndrome in this phase. Weil’s syndrome causes internal bleeding, kidney damage and severe yellowing of your skin and eyes (jaundice).

Diagnosis and Tests

Your healthcare provider diagnoses leptospirosis with a physical exam, blood tests and urine tests.

Blood or urine tests: A blood sample or a urine sample under the lab investigation will help diagnose Leptospirosis.
Imaging. If you are showing signs of severe leptospirosis, you may use a chest X-ray, CT scan or other imaging. They’ll use a machine to take pictures of the inside of your body to look for damage to your organs.

Treatment and Prevention

If you have severe leptospirosis, you’ll stay in the hospital. Your provider will give you antibiotics directly through an IV. Depending on which of your organs are affected, you may need additional medications or procedures.

Antibiotics. Types of antibiotics that treat leptospirosis include doxycycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin-G and ceftriaxone. Your provider will decide which to use based on how sick you are and your medical history.
Mechanical ventilation. If your lungs are infected with bacteria, you may have a hard time breathing and need the help of a machine to breathe for you. Your provider will give you medication to keep you asleep while you’re connected to the machine.
Plasmapheresis. Also called plasma exchange, plasmapheresis might help you if you’re at risk for organ damage from leptospirosis. During this procedure, your provider removes your blood using a tube attached to a vein. A machine separates your plasma from your blood and replaces it with a plasma substitute. Your blood is then returned to your body through another tube.

The best way to prevent leptospirosis is by not swimming or wading in water that might have animal pee in it. This includes floodwaters. Other ways you can reduce your risk include:

Taking preventative medication. If you’re traveling and at high risk for leptospirosis, ask your provider about taking medication to keep from getting sick.
Avoiding animals that could have leptospirosis.
Wearing protective clothing and shoes if you work with or around animals.
Wearing protective shoes and clothing if you have to be in contact with water or soil that might be contaminated with bacteria.
Avoiding water sports and swimming in lakes and rivers after floods.
Drinking only treated water. Don’t drink water from lakes, rivers and canals without boiling it first.
Wearing gloves if you have to touch dead animals. Don’t touch them with your bare hands and wash your hands thoroughly afterwards.
Covering open cuts or wounds with waterproof dressing.

Can humans survive leptospirosis?

Yes, you can survive leptospirosis. Most cases of leptospirosis have no symptoms or have very mild symptoms that go away on their own. Weil’s syndrome is often deadly if not treated or if you delay treatment. But if treated promptly, it’s very likely you’ll recover.

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Sep 16, 2024 Posted by admin Endocrinology 0 comments

Overview

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.It occurs when absolute or relative insulin deficiency inhibits the ability of glucose to enter cells for utilization as metabolic fuel, the result being that the liver rapidly breaks down fat into ketones to employ as a fuel source. The overproduction of ketones ensues, causing them to accumulate in the blood and urine and turn the blood acidic. DKA occurs mainly in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is not uncommon in some patients with type 2 diabetes.

Signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

The most common early symptoms of DKA are the insidious increase in polydipsia and polyuria. The following are other signs and symptoms of DKA:

Malaise, generalized weakness, and fatigability
Nausea and vomiting; may be associated with diffuse abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and anorexia
Rapid weight loss in patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes
History of failure to comply with insulin therapy or missed insulin injections due to vomiting or psychological reasons or history of mechanical failure of insulin infusion pump
Decreased perspiration
Altered consciousness (eg, mild disorientation, confusion); frank coma is uncommon but may occur when the condition is neglected or with severe dehydration/acidosis

Signs and symptoms of DKA associated with possible intercurrent infection are as follows:

Fever
Coughing
Chills
Chest pain
Dyspnea
Arthralgia

Diagnosis and Tests

How is DKA diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose diabetes-related ketoacidosis if you have the following four conditions:

Your blood glucose (sugar) level is above 250 mg/dL. It’s possible to have DKA if your blood sugar is lower than 250 mg/dL. This is euglycemic diabetes-related ketoacidosis (euDKA). It’s not as common.
Your blood pH is less than 7.3 (acidosis).
You have ketones in your pee and/or blood.
Your blood bicarbonate level is less than 18 mEq/L.

What tests are used to diagnose DKA?

In the hospital, healthcare providers may use the following tests to diagnose DKA:

Blood glucose test.
Ketone testing (through a urine or blood test).
Arterial blood gas (ABG).
Basic metabolic panel (BMP).
Blood pressure measurement.
Osmolality blood test.

You can take a few at-home tests to see if you could have DKA, including:

Urine ketone test: This measures the number of ketones in your pee. It’s usually a strip that’ll turn a certain color depending on the ketone levels in your pee. You can buy urine ketone tests at your local pharmacy without a prescription. Follow the instructions on the packaging to be sure you’re doing the test properly.
Blood ketone test: Some at-home blood glucose meters can check blood ketones as well as blood sugar levels with a drop of blood. Some meters just check ketones in your blood.
Blood sugar checks: High blood sugar (above 250 mg/dL) is a sign that you could have DKA. Checking your blood sugar with a blood glucose meter or using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) are the only ways to know for sure if you have high blood sugar.

Treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

If you have diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) you’ll need to be admitted to hospital for urgent treatment.

You’ll be given insulin, fluids and nutrients through a drip into your vein.

You’ll be monitored for complications, as DKA can sometimes affect your brain, heart or lungs.

Once your ketones are at a safe level and you can eat and drink normally you’ll be able to go home.

The doctors will talk to you about what caused DKA and give you advice on how to reduce the risk of it happening again.

Prevention

DKA is a serious condition, but you can take steps to help prevent it:

Check your blood sugar often, especially if you’re sick.
Keep your blood sugar levels in your target range as much as possible.
Take medicines as prescribed, even if you feel fine.
Talk to your doctor about how to adjust your insulin based on what you eat, how active you are, or if you’re sick.

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Paralysis and Paresis

Sep 11, 2024 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

Paralysis, paresis, and plegia are all terms related to loss of motor function, A nervous system problem causes paralysis Even though both paralysis and paresis are related to muscle weakness, there is a significant difference in their severity and how they affect the human body. Plegia, or paralysis, is a complete paralysis of skeletal muscles. whereas paresis is partial or restricted weakness of the muscles. Understanding the differences between paralysis and paresis is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment. Homoeopathic remedies can help improve muscle strength, reduce pain, and support the body’s natural healing processes in addition to this lifestyle changes and physical therapy can also help treat paresis and paralysis.

Paralysis

The term paralysis refers to a physical condition that causes a complete loss of muscle function in one or more areas of the body. It occurs when the brain or spinal cord is damaged, resulting in the inability of the affected muscles to move voluntarily. Paralysis can affect different parts of the body, including the arms, legs, face, and trunk. There are different paralysis types, such as:

Monoplegia: Paralysis in one limb or body part.
Hemiplegia: Paralysis on one side of the body.
Paraplegia: Paralysis from the waist down.
Quadriplegia: Paralysis from the neck down.

Paresis

Paresis, on the other hand, is a medical condition that causes partial loss of muscle function in one or more areas of the body. It occurs when there is damage to the nerves that control muscle movement. Unlike paralysis, paresis only affects the strength and control of the muscles and not their ability to move. There are different types of paresis, such as:

Hemiparesis: Weakness on one side of the body.
Paraparesis: Weakness in both legs
Quadriparesis. Quadriparesis is muscle weakness that affects all four limbs.
Bell’s palsy. Bell’s palsy is a condition that leads to temporary weakness in your facial muscles, which can cause facial drooping and pain.
Vocal cord paresis. Vocal cord paresis affects the movement of your vocal cords. The condition often leads to a soft voice or hoarseness, as well as feelings of breathlessness when speaking.
Gastroparesis. Gastroparesis is a condition where the emptying of the stomach is impaired due to muscle weakness. It’s associated with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, bloating, and feeling full quickly.
Todd’s paresis. Todd’s paresis is a type of paresis that occurs following a seizure. It’s often associated with paresis in one limb (monoparesis) or on one side of the body (hemiparesis).
Neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis occurs when a syphilis infection attacks the nervous system. It can cause paresis as well as headaches, changes in behavior, and dementia.
Spastic paresis. Spastic paresis is a condition that causes muscle overactivity and spasticity. It’s due to nerve damage that often results from conditions like stroke, MS, and cerebral palsy. This can lead to pain as well as difficulty with activities like walking or getting dressed.

Causes of Paralysis and Paresis

Both paralysis and paresis can have different causes, ranging from traumatic injuries to medical conditions.

Some common causes of paralysis include:

Traumatic Injuries: Trauma to the brain or spinal cord can cause paralysis. This may occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries.
Strokes: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, causing brain damage. This can lead to paralysis on one side of the body or in specific areas of the body.
Tumors: Tumors in the brain or spinal cord put pressure on nerves and cause paralysis.
Neurological Disorders: Certain neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease, can cause paralysis.
Infections: Some infections can also cause paralysis, such as Lyme disease, polio, and botulism.

Similarly, paresis can also be caused by various factors, such as:

Nerve Damage: Paresis occurs due to nerve damage caused by trauma or injury, autoimmune disorders, infections, or tumors.
Medications: Certain medications, such as those used to treat cancer, also cause paresis as a side effect.
Stroke: Paresis can occur due to a stroke, which is typically less severe than paralysis.
Spinal Cord Injuries: Injuries to the spinal cord are also one of the main causes of paresis.
Autoimmune Disorders: Some autoimmune disorders, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, can cause paresis by attacking the nerves.

Symptoms of Paralysis and Paresis

The symptoms of paralysis and paresis differ depending on the location and extent of the damage to the nerves or muscles. In general, some common symptoms of paralysis include:

Inability to move the affected body part voluntarily
Loss of sensation in the affected area
Muscle stiffness or spasms
Difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing (in severe cases)

On the other hand, symptoms of paresis may include:

Weakness or reduction in muscle strength in the affected area
Difficulty performing tasks that require muscle strength or control
Fatigue or loss of endurance in the affected area
Muscle twitching or cramping

Treatment of Paresis and Paralysis

Learning to live with paralysis is challenging. It can cause dramatic changes to your life, activities and self-image. These changes can result in mental health issues and depression. Talk with your healthcare provider about getting physical and emotional support. Over time, and with rehabilitation, many people with paralysis learn to adapt. Many people lead independent, active lives with paralysis. People with quadriplegia need lifelong help from others, but their minds can stay active. Homoeopathy is a holistic system of medicine that focuses on treating the individual as a whole rather than just the symptoms. In the case of paresis and paralysis, homoeopathic remedies can help improve muscle strength, reduce pain, and support the body’s natural healing processes.

In addition to homoeopathic remedies, lifestyle changes and physical therapy can also help treat paresis and paralysis. Exercise, massage, and other physical therapy help improve muscle strength and control, reduce pain and stiffness, and promote overall healing and recovery.

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Monoplegia Paralysis

Sep 6, 2024 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

monoplegia

One of the functions of your nervous system is to move your body’s muscles. This includes movements that you control (voluntary) and those that you don’t (involuntary).Paralysis occurs when you’re unable to make voluntary muscle movements. When a part of the nervous system becomes damaged, it can disrupt the signaling activity to a muscle or muscle group. This can lead to muscle weakness (paresis) or paralysis in the affected area. Monoplegia is often caused by cerebral palsy. It can also be caused by an injury or trauma to the brain, spinal cord, or affected limb. therefore monoplegia is a form of paralysis that affects just one limb. most commonly an arm, even though it can also affect one of your legs. The main symptom of monoplegia is the inability to move one of your arms or legs. There’s currently no cure for paralysis, including monoplegia. Instead, treatment aims to address the symptoms while improving quality of life.

Causes Of Monoplegia

Monoplegia is often caused by cerebral palsy. It can also be caused by an injury or trauma to the brain, spinal cord, or affected limb.

Other possible, though less common causes, include:

stroke
tumors affecting the brain or spinal cord
peripheral nerve compression, due to conditions like a herniated disc, bone spurs, or a tumor
nerve inflammation (neuritis)
peripheral neuropathy
a motor neuron disease that affects a single limb, such as monomelic amyotrophy
autoimmune neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
Epilepsy
Aneurysm
Lumbar radiculopathy

Symptoms of monoplegia paralysis

Decreased sensation
Muscle stiffness or spasms
Feelings of numbness or tingling
Loss of muscle tone or muscle floppiness
Curling of the fingers or toes on the affected limb

Diagnosis of monoplegia

Diagnosis of monoplegia involves the following steps:

Medical History: A detailed medical history of the patient will be taken to gather information about any underlying diseases that may have caused the monoplegia. For example, if there is rapid onset of symptoms, it is suggestive of stroke. Therefore, the medical history will help the doctors to decide on investigations that need to be performed to clinch the diagnosis.
Physical Examination: A thorough physical exam will be done to assess the condition and help to identify the underlying cause. For example, if there is back pain or radicular pain (pain radiating down the spinal cord), it may be due to compression of the nerves, possibly by a tumor. The physical exam will also detect any motor weakness or loss of sensation in the affected limb.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: This imaging technique involves a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (‘slices’) of internal body structures. CT scanning can be used for the diagnosis of stroke and its complications such as hemorrhage or bleeding.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This imaging technique uses a magnetic field combined with radio waves and a computer to produce very detailed and accurate images of the internal structures. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. MRI can also detect brachial neuritis caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
Electromyography (EMG): This technique assesses muscle function. Electrical sensors are attached to the affected limb and the electrical activities of the nerves that innervate the muscles are measured. For example, conditions such as brachial plexopathy can be diagnosed by performing nerve conduction studies using EMG.

Monoplegia vs Hemiplegia

Monoplegia and hemiplegia are both types of paralysis. but how do they vary from each other?

Monoplegia is paralysis that affects a single limb of the upper or lower part of the body. so, for instance, if you had monoplegia and could not move your right arm, you would still be able to move your right leg. hemiplegia is paralysis that affects one side of the body. either/or the right side or the left side of the body can be affected.

If you had hemiplegia on your right side you would not be able to move your right arm and right leg. the muscles on the right side of your face might further be affected. spell the two conditions are dissimilar hemiplegia and monoplegia share many of the same potential causes. this can include things like injury, stroke, and cerebral palsy.

Treatment for Monoplegia

There’s currently no cure for paralysis, including monoplegia. Instead, treatment aims to address the symptoms while improving quality of life.

Treating the underlying cause of monoplegia is important.

Some of the potential treatment options for monoplegia include:

Physical therapy: PT can be used to help maintain or build strength, flexibility, and mobility in the affected limb. Stretches, exercises, or massage may be used to help stimulate muscles and nerves.
Occupational therapy: Occupational therapy teaches different techniques to make it easier to perform everyday tasks like getting dressed, bathing, or cooking.
Assistive devices: These devices can make day-to-day activities easier. A few examples include walkers, wheelchairs, specialized grips and handles, and voice-activated devices.
Medications: Medications may help reduce some of the symptoms associated with monoplegia. Examples include pain medications to alleviate discomfort and muscle relaxants for muscle stiffness or spasms.
Surgery: If monoplegia is due to a tumor or nerve compression, surgery may be needed.

Conclusion

Monoplegia can affect the upper or lower body, either one arm or one leg. Symptoms can appear suddenly or progress gradually over time. Monoplegia is often caused by cerebral palsy. But it can also be the result of an injury or trauma to the brain, spinal cord, or the affected limb. Although monoplegia can sometimes improve over time, it may be permanent in some individuals. Treatment options typically focus on alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life.

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Paraplegia

Sep 5, 2024 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

Paraplegia is a type of paralysis characterized by the loss of motor, sensory, and limb function in the lower half of the body. It is a result of severe damage to the spinal cord and the nervous system or a result of an accident or a chronic condition. Paraplegia mainly affects the trunk, legs, and the pelvic region. You might have trouble moving your legs, feet, and stomach muscles. A doctor may prescribe physical or occupational therapy to help with pain and muscle issues. Physical therapy can also help a person preserve their strength and range of motion. Devices to support mobility, such as a wheelchair or a mobility scooter, are usually necessary. A doctor might also suggest some medications. For example, taking muscle-relaxing medications can help with pain or spasms. Taking blood-thinning medications will reduce the risk of blood clots. In some cases, surgery might be necessary. Surgery can help with swelling and removing lesions. There are currently no treatments to prevent or reverse paraplegia. However, it is possible to treat some of the symptoms and complications that occur. It is also possible for some people to regain partial or complete control over affected areas with time.

Types of Paraplegia

The type of Paraplegia depends on the symptoms and severity of the condition. Some common types of Paraplegia are mentioned below.

Complete Paraplegia

Complete Paraplegia is the total loss of motor and sensory function in the lower body due to spinal cord injury or disease. It can often lead to loss of bladder or bowel control.

Partial Paraplegia

Partial paralysis involves limited muscle function and sensation loss due to nerve damage or injury. Unlike complete paralysis, some movement and feeling remain, though they may be impaired.

Traumatic Paraplegia

Traumatic Paraplegia occurs when a severe injury, like a spinal cord trauma resulting from accidents, falls, or sports-related incidents, leads to paralysis of the lower body. This condition disrupts nerve signals between the brain and lower limbs, causing loss of sensation and movement control.

Non-Traumatic Paraplegia

Non-traumatic Paraplegia refers to lower body paralysis not caused by physical injuries. It can result from conditions like spinal tumors, infections, autoimmune diseases, or congenital abnormalities. Nerve signal disruption causes loss of sensation and motor function. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and rehabilitation and assistive measures to improve daily living and mobility.

Spastic Paraplegia

Spastic Paraplegia is a neurological disorder characterized by muscle stiffness and weakness, predominantly affecting the legs. It often stems from genetic mutations impacting nerve cells that control movement. This condition leads to difficulty in walking and coordination. Management includes therapies to alleviate symptoms and enhance functional abilities.

Congenital Paraplegia

Congenital Paraplegia is a rare condition present at birth, involving partial or complete paralysis of the lower body. It can result from genetic mutations, prenatal factors, or developmental issues affecting the spinal cord. Medical intervention and therapies support affected individuals in managing mobility challenges and maximizing their independence and quality of life.

Causes

People with paraplegia usually have an injury to the brain or spinal cord that prevents signaling to the lower body. The loss of signaling causes paralysis of the lower body.

According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, since 38.3% of spinal injuries have been the result of a vehicle accident, and 31.6% have been from falls. Some other common causes include violent crimes and sporting accidents.

Some chronic conditions can also lead to paraplegia. Conditions that might cause paraplegia include:

tumors or lesions of the spine or brain
neurological conditions, such as strokeTrusted Source or cerebral palsyTrusted Source
autoimmune conditions, such as multiple sclerosis

Symptoms

There are many symptoms that can occur in paraplegia. Sometimes, these symptoms will change over time, or even from day to day.

Symptoms might include:

a loss of sensation in the lower body
impaired mobility
weight gain
depression
phantom bouts of pain or sensation in the lower body
chronic pain
sexual dysfunction
difficulty with bladder and bowel function
secondary infections, such as bedsores and skin problems
autonomic dysreflexia

Diagnosis

To diagnose paraplegia, a doctor will assess the person’s symptoms and medical history. They may also ask about recent accidents and whether or not the person has any family history of certain conditions.

It is important that they establish the cause of paraplegia to determine the most suitable treatment options.

Diagnosing paraplegia will usually involve medical imaging. These tests help doctors assess the damage and identify the cause of paralysis. For example, they might use an MRI scan, a CT scan, or an X-ray.

To test nerve functioning, the doctor may use electromyography. This test measures the body’s responses to the stimulation of the muscle.

Treatment Options for Paraplegia

There are several options for treating and managing Paraplegia. Depending on the condition and the severity, rehabilitation, assistive devices, medications, surgery, adaptive strategies, psychotherapy, and experimental therapies are options.

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is pivotal in treating Paraplegia by enhancing muscle strength, flexibility, coordination, and overall mobility in the affected areas. Therapists employ exercises and techniques tailored to the individual’s needs and abilities. This helps improve range of motion, prevent muscle atrophy, manage spasticity, and develop adaptive strategies for daily activities. To maximize functional independence and enhance the quality of life for people with paraplegia, regular physical therapy sessions are a necessity.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy is essential in paraplegia treatment, concentrating on developing practical skills for independent living. Therapists teach techniques for tasks such as self-care, home management, and work-related activities. They recommend adaptive equipment and strategies to enhance the individual’s ability to navigate daily life, fostering self-sufficiency and improving overall well-being despite the challenges posed by Paraplegia.

Medications

Medications are used to manage various aspects of Paraplegia. Muscle relaxants can help alleviate spasticity and muscle stiffness. Pain relievers address discomfort. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs assist with emotional well-being. Blood-thinning medications reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis—bladder and bowel control medications aid in managing urinary and fecal functions. To enhance mobility and quality of life for individuals with paraplegia, medication plans are tailored to their individual needs. These plans are usually combined with other treatments, such as physical therapy. It is best to consult a medical professional before starting any medication or treatment.

Assistive Devices

Assistive devices are crucial for paraplegia management. Wheelchairs provide mobility, while braces and orthotics support weakened muscles and aid stability. Adaptive tools like reachers, dressing aids, and modified utensils enhance independence in daily tasks. These devices empower individuals to navigate their environment and maintain a more fulfilling life despite mobility challenges.

Surgical Interventions

Surgical interventions address Paraplegia by relieving spinal cord compression, repairing fractures, or correcting deformities. Procedures like decompression surgeries remove pressure on the cord, while stabilization surgeries ensure spinal stability. Surgical options are tailored to the underlying cause and aim to alleviate symptoms, enhance function, and improve overall quality of life.

Rehabilitation Centers

Rehabilitation centers play a vital role in paraplegia treatment, offering comprehensive programs to improve physical, functional, and emotional well-being. Skilled professionals, including physical and occupational therapists, work to enhance mobility, independence, and adaptive skills. These centers provide tailored exercise regimens, mobility training, assistive technology guidance, and psychological support. By focusing on holistic rehabilitation, individuals with Paraplegia can regain self-confidence and maximize their potential for a fulfilling life.

Common Risk Factors for Paraplegia

Various factors contribute to the likelihood of developing paraplegia, ranging from traumatic incidents to medical conditions and genetic predispositions.

Traumatic incidents like automobile accidents, falls, and sports injuries leading to spinal cord damage
Medical conditions such as spinal tumors, infections, and degenerative disorders
Engaging in activities with a higher potential for spinal injuries, such as extreme sports
Certain congenital conditions or genetic predispositions increasing the risk of developing paraplegia

Conclusion

Paraplegia is a type of paralysis that affects the lower half of your body. It affects your ability to walk, stand, and do other actions that require control of your legs, feet, pelvic muscles, and stomach.

Paraplegia is generally the result of an injury, but it can also be caused by conditions that damage your spinal cord or brain. There is no cure for paraplegia, but with comprehensive rehabilitation, adaptive strategies, and advancements in assistive technologies, many individuals can significantly improve mobility, independence, and overall quality of life.

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Hemiplegia vs Hemiparesis

Aug 28, 2024 Posted by admin Neurology 0 comments

Overview

Hemiparesis or hemiplegia are the medical terms, for paralysis of one half of the body. Hemiplegia is a symptom of brain or spinal cord damage where as Hemiparesis refers to weakness in one leg, arm, or side of the face. Hemiplegia describes severe or complete unilateral loss of strength or paralysis. Both may result from a stroke and other conditions. Hemiparesis and hemiplegia may have the same cause, but depending on the severity and location of brain and spinal damage, you may develop one or the other.

Hemiparesis and hemiplegia are both inherently unpredictable, with symptoms that may change over time. Prompt intervention, including extensive physical therapy, can substantially improve the chances of a full recovery. Psychotherapy is also important, since the overwhelming nature of these injuries can interfere with a patient’s ability and willingness to stick with treatment.

Every patient is different, but there is no way to conclusively predict the prognosis of these disorders. Some people spontaneously recover, even with no treatment. Others make little progress, even with extensive treatment. In general, however, the more aggressively a patient works to recover some functionality, the more likely a full or partial recovery becomes.

Hemiparesis and Hemiplegia Causes

There are a number of conditions that can cause hemiparesis or hemiplegia. Examples of hemiparesis and hemiplegia causes include strokes, brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, infections, and a handful of other conditions affecting the central nervous system.

Both hemiparesis and hemiplegia are nervous system disorders, not caused by injury to the affected side of the body. For example, an injury to the spinal cord or brain interferes with the body’s ability to send or receive signals to the region of the body affected by the injury. So, while the left or right side of the body haven’t been damaged directly, the spinal cord injury may cause hemiparesis or hemiplegia.

The most common cause of both injuries is a stroke. Strokes interfere with blood flow to the brain. If a region of the brain that affects movement or perception is affected, hemiparesis or hemiplegia may develop. The affected region is usually the opposite of the side of the brain affected, so an injury to the right side of the brain will affect the left side of the body.

Some other causes of hemiparesis and hemiplegia include:

Brain infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
Brain cancer or lesions
Damage to the neurons due to a degenerative disorder such as Parkinson’s
Traumatic injuries, such as a blow to the head during a car accident
Congenital disorders such as cerebral palsy

Rarely, psychological conditions can manifest as hemiparesis or hemiplegia. When this occurs, doctors must treat the psychological issue, not the physical symptoms.

Right Hemiplegia vs Left Hemiplegia

Left hemiplegia is the paralysis of limbs on the left side of the body, while right hemiplegia indicates paralysis on the right side of the body. Like hemiparesis, right or left hemiplegia may be caused by damage to the nervous system.

One common cause of left or right hemiplegia is an incomplete spinal cord injury. In an incomplete SCI, only part of the spinal cord is severed, so there may still be some function below the injury site. For example, an incomplete spinal cord injury in the cervical spinal cord might paralyze the left side of the body while leaving the right side functional — though this isn’t guaranteed because the specific nerves severed may alter the effects of the injury.

Right Hemiparesis vs Left Hemiparesis

As the name implies, right hemiparesis is weakness on the right side of the body, while left hemiparesis is weakness on the left side of the body. What causes this weakness in one side of the body and not the other varies, but damage to the nervous system from injury, infection, or degenerative conditions can result in hemiparesis.

In the case of degenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hemiparesis may progress into hemiplegia with time.

Did you ever thought why is only one side of the body affected?

Your spinal cord and brain have a left side and a right side. The halves are identical. Each half controls the movements on one side of the body.

An injury to one side of the spinal cord or brain may result in weakness or paralysis on the side of the body that half controls.

If you have multiple strokes on both sides of the brain, you may experience hemiparesis or hemiplegia on both sides of the body.

Symptoms of Hemiplegia & Hemiparesis

Hemiplegia is more severe than hemiparesis. It involves a complete loss of strength or paralysis (inability to move) on one side of the body. It may affect your arm, face, or leg only, or all of them.

Although the paralysis may not be extensive (whole body), it could affect your ability to:

breath
swallow
speak
control your bladder
control your bowel
move one side of your body

It’s common for hemiparesis to unevenly affect one side of the body. The disorder is on a continuum, with symptoms ranging from minor and sporadic to extensive and severe. signs include:

Difficulties with motor skills, particularly standing.
Weakness in large areas on one side of the body. For example, a patient might be unable to lift his or her arms.
Pusher syndrome: a common byproduct of traumatic brain injuries, pusher syndrome causes a person with hemiparesis to shift their weight to the affected side, thereby undermining motor skills and making walking difficult and potentially painful. Doctors use a scale to assess the severity of pusher syndrome. This scale can help doctors make accurate prognostications, in addition to identifying the cause of symptoms.
Strain on the unaffected side of the body, which may overcompensate for injuries on the hemiparetic side.
Unusual sensations or tingling on the affected side.

Importantly, doctors will look for injuries on the affected side to rule out other causes, such as pinched nerves, muscle strains, or loss of blood flow.

Diagnosing hemiparesis and hemiplegia

A doctor will most likely use a number of diagnostic procedures and imaging tests to diagnose hemiparesis and hemiplegia.

These might include:

X-ray
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
computerized tomography (CT) scan
electromyography (EMG)
myelography (imaging test of your spinal cord)

Treatment for Hemiparesis and Hemiplegia

Though hemiparesis and hemiplegia produce different symptoms, they are substantially similar in cause and treatment. To treat either condition, a doctor will first look at what caused the symptoms. When an infection, growth, or other medical issue causes symptoms, a doctor may first address these symptoms. When a stroke is the culprit, the stroke itself cannot be reversed, but a number of treatments may help restore some or all functioning:

Physical, occupational, or exercise therapy to restore functioning and help the brain work around the injury.
Assistive devices such as walkers or wheelchairs.
Occupational therapy to support independence.
Psychotherapy to address the psychological impact of a severe injury.
Alternative treatments such as acupuncture and dietary changes.

Conclusion

Though the symptoms are different, the two conditions are essentially different versions of the same underlying problem. Mild to moderate nerve or brain damage will produce hemiparesis, while moderate to severe nerve or brain damage will result in hemiplegia. Moreover, the same injury can produce both symptoms at different times. This is especially true when nerves are compressed or the spinal cord is swollen, since changes in swelling or compression can also produce changes in symptoms.

People living with hemiplegia and hemiparesis usually undergo a combination of rehabilitation therapy, which typically involves physical therapists, mental health professionals, and rehabilitation .

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