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Hypokalemia

Feb 28, 2026 Posted by admin Nephrology 0 comments

Overview

Hypokalemia  is a condition in which the amount of potassium in the blood is lower than normal. Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a vital role in numerous bodily functions, including maintaining proper heart and muscle function, nerve conduction, and fluid balance. Treatment typically involves correcting potassium imbalances, addressing the underlying cause, and managing associated complications.

Symptoms

Common symptoms include:

  • muscle weakness
  • fatigue, cramps
  • palpitations
  • constipation

which can escalate to severe arrhythmias, paralysis, or respiratory failure if severe (<2.5 mEq/Lis less than 2.5 mEq/L

<2.5 mEq/L). Treatments typically involve increasing dietary potassium intake or taking oral supplements.

Causes

Potassium is an electrolyte (mineral). It is needed for cells to function properly. You get potassium through food. The kidneys remove excess potassium through the urinary system to keep a proper balance of the mineral in the body.

Common causes of low blood potassium include:

  • Medicines, such as diuretics (water pills), certain antibiotics (amphotericin B and chloroquine at toxic levels)
  • Diarrhea or vomiting
  • Eating disorders (such as bulimia)
  • Hyperaldosteronism
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Laxative overuse, which can cause diarrhea
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Low magnesium level
  • Sweating
  • Genetic disorders, such as hypokalemic periodic paralysis, Bartter syndrome

Tests

Your health care provider will order a blood test to check your potassium level. The normal range is 3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L (3.5 to 5.1 mmol/L).

Other blood tests may be ordered to check levels of:

  • Glucose, magnesium, calcium, sodium, phosphorous
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Aldosterone

An electrocardiogram (ECG) to check the heart may also be done.

Complications

Severe hypokalemia can lead to life-threatening complications, including cardiac arrest, severe arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown), and respiratory failure. 

Treatment

If your condition is mild, your provider will likely prescribe potassium supplement pills. If your condition is severe, you may need to get potassium through a vein (IV).

If you need diuretics, your provider may:

  • Switch you to a form that keeps potassium in the body. This type of diuretic is called potassium-sparing.
  • Prescribe extra potassium for you to take every day.

Eating foods rich in potassium can help treat and prevent low level of potassium. These foods include:

  • Avocados
  • Baked potato
  • Bananas
  • Bran
  • Carrots
  • Cooked lean beef
  • Milk
  • Oranges
  • Peanut butter
  • Peas and beans
  • Salmon
  • Seaweed
  • Spinach
  • Tomatoes
  • Wheat germ etc..

Taking potassium supplements can usually correct the problem. In severe cases, without proper treatment, a severe drop in the blood potassium level can lead to serious heart rhythm problems that can be fatal. In severe cases, life-threatening paralysis may develop, such as with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. If you suspect a low potassium level, consult a healthcare professional. further if you notice any major symptoms and require treatment abroad share your query via email  query@gtsmeditour.com and get a medical opinion and treatment plan or you can whatsapp us at +91 9164822440

 

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Feb 28, 2026 Posted by admin Oncology, skin cancer 0 comments

Overview

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common, generally slow-growing cancer arising from squamous cells in the skin’s epidermis or lining of hollow organs. Primarily caused by UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds, it typically appears as a firm, red nodule, scaly patch, or a sore that won’t heal, often on sun-exposed skin like the face, ears, and hands. 

SCC has a slightly higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis), but this is still a very rare occurrence. When found and treated early, SCC is almost always curable. However, if left untreated, it can grow deep into the skin, causing significant damage and disfigurement, and can be more difficult to treat. This is why early detection and proper treatment are so important.

SCC can also occur on other parts of the body that have squamous cells, such as the lining of the mouth, throat, lungs, or genitals.

Early detection is key, as treatment—usually surgery—results in a 99% 5-year survival rate, though it can spread if left untreated.

Symptoms

    • Skin: Firm, red bumps; flat, scaly, or crusty patches; or rapidly growing, wart-like lesions.                                         
    • Appearance:
       Red/purple/dark brown on darker skin tones; often look like acne or age spots that do not resolve

    • Locations: Face, ears, scalp, neck, hands, or areas with previous scarring or inflammation.                                        
    • Other areas: Can occur on the lips, mouth, or genitals. 

Causes and Risk Factors

UV Radiation: Exposure to sun and tanning beds damages DNA.

Skin Type: Fair skin, light hair, and a history of multiple sunburns increase risk.

Other Factors: Chronic wounds, immunosuppression, and HPV infection.

Types of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This is the most common type and appears on the skin. It can look like a firm red nodule, a scaly patch, or a sore that doesn’t heal.

Keratoacanthoma (KA): This is a specific type of SCC that is often a fast-growing, dome-shaped tumor with a central crust.

Bowen’s Disease (Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ): This is a very early, non-invasive form of SCC. It means the cancer cells are confined to the top layer of the skin and have not spread deeper. It looks like a reddish, scaly patch that can be mistaken for eczema or psoriasis.

Stages

  • Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ): Early, limited to the epidermis.                                                                                                   
  • Stages I & II: Localized, deeper but not spread.                                                                                                                               
  • Stages III & IV: Spread to lymph nodes, or distant organs.

 

Prevention

  • Prevention: Daily sunscreen use, wearing protective clothing, avoiding tanning beds.                                                           
  • Diagnosis: Skin biopsy performed by a dermatologist.                                                                                                                   
  • Action: Consult a doctor if a spot is changing, bleeding, or persists for more than 1–2 months. 

 

Treatment

  • Excision: Surgical removal of the tumor.                                                                                                                                            
  • Mohs Surgery: Specialized surgery for high-risk areas to remove cancer layer-by-layer.                                                       
  • Cryotherapy: Freezing cells with liquid nitrogen.                                                                                                                                  
  • Topical Medications: Creams for early or surface-level cancers.                                                                                                
  • Radiation/Systemic Therapy: Used for advanced cases that have spread. 

 

This article is for information purpose only, further if you come across your loved ones looking for any such treatment abroad you can share the reports via email query@gtsmeditour.com and get the complimentary  second opinion and treatment plan, helps you in final decision making and other things abroad .

Polypectomy

Feb 11, 2026 Posted by admin Gastroenterology, Gynaecology 0 comments

Overview

A polypectomy is a common, typically non-invasive procedure used to remove polyps—abnormal tissue growths—from the body, most frequently during a hysteroscopy, colonoscopy or endoscopy. By removing these growths, which can be benign or pre-cancerous, it prevents potential cancer development. Many healthcare providers recommend removing all polyps as a preventative measure. Even polyps that don’t appear to be cancerous, precancerous or cause symptoms can continue to grow and change and become problematic later on.

Polyps are very common, especially in certain places like your colon. Many people have them without realizing it. If your healthcare provider discovers a polyp or several during a routine exam, it’s usually nothing to worry about. Depending on the type of exam it is, they might be able to remove any polyps at first sight. If not, they’ll schedule a simple polypectomy.

You may need a polypectomy if you have polyps in your hollow organs, such as:

  • Colon polyps.
  • Uterine polyps.
  • Stomach polyps.
  • Gallbladder polyps.

Removing and examining these polyps is important for the screening and prevention of:

  • Colorectal cancer.
  • Cervical cancer.
  • Stomach cancer.
  • Gallbladder cancer.

Polyps may also need to be removed if they cause problems, such as:

  • Uncontrolled bleeding.
  • Pain or pressure on your organs.
  • Blocking a blood vessel, bile duct or your intestines.
  • Menstruation and fertility problems in your uterus.

A polypectomy is a minimally invasive procedure. Most polypectomies don’t even require cutting into your body to access the polyp. They can usually be managed internally, with medical instruments passed through the natural openings in your body.

Many polyps are removed when they’re discovered during a colonoscopy or endoscopy exam. These exams involve passing a lighted scope down your throat or through your anus and into your organs. Surgeons can perform minor operations through the scope. In certain, more difficult cases, your surgeon may need to access a polyp through your abdomen. They can do this through minimally invasive surgery methods, such as laparoscopy. That means passing a scope through one small “keyhole incision” and operating through another.

Types of Polypectomy

The procedure is named based on the organ where the polyp is located: 
  • Colon Polypectomy: Performed during a colonoscopy to remove growths in the large intestine. It is a primary method for preventing colorectal cancer.
  • Uterine (Hysteroscopic) Polypectomy: Uses a hysteroscope to remove polyps from the lining of the uterus to address fertility issues or abnormal bleeding.
  • Other Areas: Polyps can also be removed from the stomach, nose, cervix, or gallbladder. 

 Treatment

Surgeons typically use an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube with a camera) to locate the polyp. Common removal techniques include: 
  • Snare Polypectomy: A wire loop (snare) is placed around the base of the polyp. An electric current may be used to burn through the tissue and seal blood vessels.
  • Forceps Polypectomy: Small polyps may be “snipped” off using specialized medical forceps.
  • Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR): Used for larger or flatter polyps that require lifting the tissue before removal. 

Recovery and Risks

  • Recovery: Most patients go home the same day. For colon procedures, a soft diet is often recommended for the first few days. Full internal healing can take about two weeks.
  • Pain: The procedure itself is usually painless because the inner linings of these organs lack many pain-sensing nerves, and sedation is typically provided.
  • Risks: Although rare, complications can include bleeding or a small tear (perforation) in the organ wall. 

 This article is for information purpose only, further if you require any assistance in regards to medical reports you have please share us the latest available reports via  email – query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp  on +91 9164822440 and get second opinion as a complementary with cost estimate.

Dandruff

Jan 25, 2026 Posted by admin Dermatology 0 comments

Overview

Dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis, a skin condition that mainly affects your scalp. It isn’t contagious or harmful. But it can be embarrassing and difficult to treat.

You can treat mild dandruff with gentle, regular shampooing. If that doesn’t help, you may need to use a special medicated shampoo. There is no cure for dandruff. Even if you treat it, the symptoms may come back later. But with treatment, most people can manage the symptoms.

Causes

    • Dry Scalp: Lack of moisture leading to small, dry flakes, common in cold weather.
    • Oily Scalp (Seborrheic Dermatitis): Excess oil feeds the Malassezia fungus, causing rapid skin cell turnover and larger flakes.
    • Malassezia: Fungus: Overgrowth of this common scalp fungus irritates the scalp and speeds up flaking.
  • Product Buildup: Residue from shampoos, conditioners, or styling products can irritate and clog follicles.
  • Sensitivity: Reactions to hair care products or underlying skin conditions.
  • Lifestyle/Environment: Stress, diet (sugar/carb intake), and cold, dry air.

Symptoms

  • Visible white or gray flakes on scalp, hair, eyebrows, shoulders, or clothing.
  • Itchy scalp (pruritus).
  • Redness or inflammation (more common with seborrheic dermatitis).

Treatment & Management

  • Medicated Shampoos: Look for ingredients like zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole, salicylic acid, coal tar, or selenium sulfide.
  • Regular Washing: Prevents oil and product buildup, but adjust frequency based on hair type (fine hair needs more, coily/curly less).
  • Scalp Care: Gentle exfoliation, avoiding hot water, and not scratching.
  • Diet: A balanced diet rich in zinc, B vitamins, and healthy fats can help.
  • Home Remedies (Use with Caution): Tea tree oil (diluted) has antifungal properties but can irritate sensitive skin.

 

Above article is for information purpose only. Any query related to health you can reach us on query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp us on +91 9164822440 and get the best available treatment plans at affordable cost .

 

 

 

Chilblains

Jan 18, 2026 Posted by admin Dermatology, podiatrist, Rheumatologist 0 comments

Overview

Chilblains, also known as perniosis is a condition commonly affects your feet or hands, basically  refers  to inflammation of the blood capillaries in your skin resulting from cold exposure.  These occur when you are exposed to cold temperatures for a considerable time. Also termed as chill burns and pernio, chilblains can cause swelling of the affected area, the formation of red patches and blisters, and itchiness. Chilblains can be prevented by limiting your time in the cold, dressing warmly and covering exposed skin. If you do get chilblains, keeping the skin warm and dry can help ease the symptoms. usually clears up in 2 or 3 weeks, especially if the weather gets warmer. You may get the symptoms each cold season for years. Babies can get chilblains as well if they’re not wearing proper clothing in damp or cold weather. Usually, chilblains don’t lead to long-term health problems or complications. It’s important to keep any affected skin areas clean so you don’t get an infection.

Causes  of chilblains or pernio?

Researchers don’t know exactly why this reaction happens. Some experts believe pernio develops because of:

Symptoms

Symptoms of chilblains include:

  • Small, itchy areas on your skin, often on your feet or hands.
  • Sores or blistering.
  • Swelling.
  • Pain or stinging.
  • Changes in skin color.

The following factors increase the risk of chilblains:

  • Wearing clothing and shoes that are tight or expose skin to the cold. Wearing tightfitting clothing and shoes in cold, damp weather may make you more susceptible to chilblains.
  • Being a young woman. This condition is most common in females between the ages of 15 and 30.
  • Being underweight. This condition is most common in people with a low body mass.
  • Living in cold, humid areas. Your risk of chilblains is higher if you live in an area with high humidity and cold but not freezing temperatures.

Diagnosis and Tests

To diagnose chilblains, your health care provider will look at the affected skin and talk with you about your symptoms and any recent cold exposure. Tell your health care provider if you’re not sure whether you were in below-freezing temperatures. If you were, you might have frostbite.

To rule out other conditions, you may need blood tests. Or your health care provider may take a small sample of the affected skin to have it examined under a microscope in a laboratory. This test is called a skin biopsy.

Treatment

Chilblains can be treated at home with self-care, including keeping your hands and feet warm and dry. If your chilblains symptoms don’t clear up with self-care, your health care provider may suggest medicine, including:

  • A topical corticosteroid. If your chilblains symptoms include sores, applying a corticosteroid such as triamcinolone 0.1% cream might help clear them up.
  • Blood pressure medicine. For symptoms that don’t respond to other treatment, your health care provider might prescribe a blood pressure medicine such as nifedipine (Procardia). It’s a type of calcium channel blocker that treats chilblains by improving blood flow.

Outlook / Prognosis

Chilblains usually go away within one to three weeks. If you’re at high risk, chilblains may return every year when the weather changes. If chilblains keep coming back, your healthcare provider may give you a medication to prevent chilblains from developing as frequently.

Above article is for information purpose only, if you have any enquiries related to this you can connect us via email query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp your requirement on +91 9164822440 we shall assist you in best possible way.

 

 

Vesicovaginal fistula repair

Jan 11, 2026 Posted by admin Gynaecology 0 comments

Overview

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina that results in continuous and unremitting urinary incontinence. The entity is one among the most distressing complications of gynecologic and obstetric procedures. VVFs can be classified in various ways. Simple fistulas are usually small in size (≤0.5cm) and are present as single non-radiated fistulas. Complex fistulas include previously failed fistula repairs or large-sized (≥2.5 cm) fistulas, more often a result of chronic diseases or radiotherapy. Although the incidence of VVFs has become rare in the industrialized world, they still commonly occur in developing countries. The good news is that VVFs are treatable, often with surgery or often through a minimally invasive route, offering significant relief from symptoms like constant leakage. 

Symptoms

Vesicovaginal fistula symptoms can include:

Your symptoms may vary based on how large the opening is and other factors. Tell a healthcare provider as soon as possible if you have these symptoms.

Causes

In general, a vesicovaginal fistula forms when there’s damage to tissue between your vagina and bladder that results in the death of that tissue. This forms a hole, or a fistula.

pelvic surgery that results in accidental tissue damage. Examples include bladder surgery and hysterectomy.

In many parts of the world with fewer resources, a long, difficult labor (obstructed childbirth) is the most common cause.

Less commonly, bladder cancer or cervical cancer, or treatment like radiation, can lead to a VVF.

Diagnosis and Tests

To start, a healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history. They’ll likely do a physical exam and pelvic exam. Your provider will also check that the leak isn’t coming from a ureter (the tube from your kidney to your bladder). Ureter leaks need a different plan.

Your provider will then recommend specific tests to diagnose a vesicovaginal fistula. These tests can also help your provider plan for surgery. Tests may include:

  • Dye test: Your provider may fill your bladder with blue fluid. They might also give you medicine that turns your pee orange. You’ll insert a tampon into your vagina. A tampon that turns blue suggests a bladder-to-vagina fistula. Orange without blue suggests a ureter-to-vagina fistula.
  • Cystoscopy: A urologist uses a lighted device to look inside your bladder.
  • CT urogram: This imaging test uses a contrast dye to take detailed images of your bladder and the rest of your urinary system.
  • Other tests: Sometimes, a pelvic MRI or a speculum exam under anesthesia helps map the fistula

Management and Treatment

A few small, very new fistulas may close with continuous bladder drainage (a Foley catheter) for several weeks. But most need surgery. The main treatment for a vesicovaginal fistula is surgery to close the opening.

Your surgeon may operate through your vagina or abdomen (sometimes, with laparoscopy or a robot). Together, you’ll decide on the type of surgery that’s best for you.

After surgery, you’ll need a Foley catheter for two to three weeks to drain your pee. Your healthcare provider will want to make sure the fistula has healed before removing the catheter.

Recovery time

It can take six to eight weeks to recover from vesicovaginal fistula surgery. Your healthcare provider will give you specific instructions for recovery. In general, they may recommend you avoid the following for six to eight weeks:

  • Sexual intercourse
  • Strenuous activity
  • Heavy lifting

Avoiding these activities gives the fistula time to heal.

Takeaway

Maybe you’ve never heard of a fistula before. But ever since you got a vesicovaginal fistula diagnosis (VVF), it’s all you can think about. VVFs can disrupt your daily routine and even your sense of self. Thankfully, treatment can help you regain control over the parts of your body that seem to have a mind of their own. Still, recovery may take time. Lean on your healthcare provider for guidance and support.

If you have a condition that’s affecting your urinary system, you want expert advice. At Global Treatment services we ll work to create a treatment plan that is right for you, kindly contact us via email query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp on +91 9164822440 for the best available service /treatment option .

 

Pectus Excavatum

Dec 25, 2025 Posted by admin Cardiology, Cosmetic Surgeries 0 comments

Overview

Pectus excavatum (or funnel chest) is a common chest wall deformity where the breastbone (sternum) and ribs grow inward, creating a sunken or caved-in appearance, often noticeable at birth or during teenage growth spurts. While mild cases are cosmetic, severe cases can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and reduced exercise tolerance by affecting heart and lung function, leading to treatments like physical therapy, vacuum devices, or surgery (Nuss or Ravitch procedures) to correct the shape.

Causes

  • Congenital: Present at birth, often due to excess growth of connective tissue joining ribs to the sternum, causing it to push inward. 
  • Growth Spurt: Can become more noticeable during teenage growth spurts.
  • Genetics: May have a genetic link and can run in families.

Symptoms 

  • Physical: 
    A noticeable dip in the chest; can be accompanied by rounded shoulders, flared lower ribs, and poor posture. 
  • Functional: 
    In severe cases, it can compress the heart and lungs, leading to exercise intolerance, chest pain, fatigue, or breathing issues. 
  • Psychological: 
    Can cause significant self-consciousness, leading individuals to avoid activities like swimming.

    Diagnosis

  • Visual examination of the chest.
  • Tests like X-rays or CT scans to assess heart and lung impact. 

 

Treatment Options

  • Observation: Mild cases with no symptoms may need no treatment. 
  • Surgical (for severe cases or significant impact):
  • Nuss Procedure: Minimally invasive, involves placing curved metal bars under the sternum to push it forward, removed later. 
  • Ravitch Procedure: Open surgery to reshape the sternum and cartilage, sometimes with a bar placement. 

 

This  article is for information purpose only, if you wish to take second opinion with us – kindly share the reports on email – query@gtsmeditour.com or you can what’sapp us on +91 9164822440 . we shall be assisting you through out your medical treatment journey abroad.

 

Male Infertility

Dec 17, 2025 Posted by admin Andrology, Infertility 0 comments

Overview

Male infertility is basically a  condition that affects men, an inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. Male infertility is a growing concern in India, linked to lifestyle factors like pollution, stress, poor diet, smoking, and alcohol, contributing to 40-50% of couples’ inability to conceive, with sperm issues (count, motility, quality) being primary. Despite the high prevalence of male infertility in India, there is still a lack of awareness about the condition and its causes. This lack of awareness often leads to feelings of shame and stigma among those affected by it. Additionally, there is a lack of access to quality healthcare in many parts of the country, which makes it difficult for couples struggling with infertility to get the help they need. male infertility contributes to 40-50% of all cases. The high prevalence of male infertility in India is likely due to a combination of factors, including the country’s large population, poor awareness about fertility and reproductive health, and limited access to quality healthcare. however treatments like ICSI, sperm freezing, and surgical retrieval offer hope, alongside growing awareness to overcome societal stigma. 

 

CAUSES

Sometimes a man is born with the problems that affect his sperm. Other times problems start later in life due to illness or injury. Infertility in men is most often caused by

  • Sperm Count – problems making sperm i.e. producing too few sperm or none at all
  • Sperm Motility – problems with the sperm’s ability to reach the egg and fertilize it i.e. abnormal sperm shape or structure prevent it from moving correctly.
  • Blockages – Blocks in the ducts that carry sperm (vas deferens) can be due to vasectomy or injury or can also be congenital.
  • Hormonal Problems – Disorders of the testicles or abnormalities affecting other hormonal systems like the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, and adrenal glands
  • Genetic Disorders – Such as cystic fibrosis.
  • Lifestyle & Environmental Factors – Alcohol, drugs, environmental toxins, smoking, radiation treatment and chemotherapy for cancer and age related issues.
  • Miscellaneous Factors – Varicocele, Infections like Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Chlamydia or Mumps

 

Diagnosis

  • Semen Analysis: The first step, checking sperm count, motility (movement), and morphology (shape).
  • Advanced Tests: Sperm DNA fragmentation tests help identify DNA damage.

TREATMENT

The good news is that over 50% of men will have a treatable cause of male factor infertility. These factors include varicoceles, infections, hormonal abnormalities, abnormalities in the seminal fluid, ductal blockages, and difficulties with erections and ejaculation. When these conditions are treated, either through medication or surgery a man will often see a significant improvement in his semen analysis. Men with idiopathic or unexplained infertility can make lifestyle changes that may result in improvement in his semen analysis.

LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS

  • Quit Smoking
  • Stop Taking Recreational Drugs
  • Anabolic Steroids (male hormones) use has reached almost epidemic proportions. 6.6% of 12th grade males use or have used them to build muscle mass and improve athletic performance. These male hormones suppress the testes ability to make testosterone. This decreases the intratesticular testosterone level. Anabolic steroids also depress testicular production of testosterone and, thus, levels of testosterone inside the testes itself. This may cause severely diminished spermatogenesis or complete absence of sperm (azoospermia). When taken, these steroids cause a persistent depression of the hypothalamus and pituitary that may be irreversible, even when the steroids are stopped.
  • Reduce Alcohol
  • Avoid Lubricants

Most vaginal lubricants, including K-Y Jelly, Surgilube, and Lubifax are toxic to sperm. Couples should avoid their use during the fertile time of a woman’s cycle.

  • Exercise
  • Avoid High Temperatures
  • Take Vitamins (Antioxidants)

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART)

Men with poor semen analyses whose conditions are not treatable or unexplained may still have the option of using advanced reproductive techniques to achieve a pregnancy. Even those men with no sperm in the ejaculate are able to have some living sperm procured from them through surgical methods and achieve a pregnancy using the conventional technique of ICSI or the more advanced IMSI in which the digitally enhanced, magnified images of the sperm allow the embryologist to detect any structural alterations and abnormality that are otherwise hard to locate with conventional methods. Surgical sperm retrieval techniques like TESA (Testicular Sperm Aspiration), PESA (Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration) & Micro TESE (Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction) ensure that even men who have no sperms in the ejaculate can opt for ART.

 

This is a brief overview of male infertility, only for informational purpose. If you have any further queries, please reach us at query@gtsmeditour.com or you can whatsapp your query related to multispeciality approach on +91 9164822440  we would be happy to assist in getting you a complimentary second opinion and best treatment option available with quality care approach.

 

 

 

Melasma

Dec 15, 2025 Posted by admin Dermatology 0 comments

Meaning

Melasma is a form of hyperpigmentation it’s not itchy or painful but can affect confidence, happens because of overproduction of the melanin triggered by sun exposure, during pregnancy, hormonal changes, genetics some medications and stress.It is common, harmless and some treatments may help. Melasma usually fades after a few months. Sometimes called the “mask of pregnancy” due to its link with hormonal shifts. 

 Some Common Triggers & Causes

  • Sunlight: UV radiation stimulates melanin production, making sun exposure a major factor. 
  • Hormones: Pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and hormonal therapies are significant triggers. 
  • Genetics: A hereditary tendency to develop melasma exists. 
  • Visible Light: Light from screens and devices can also worsen it. 

      Types of melasma

    There are three types of melasma and they have to do with the depth of the pigment. A Wood’s lamp that emits black light may be used to determine the depth of the pigment. The three types are:

    1. Epidermal: Epidermal melasma has a dark brown color, a well-defined border, appears obvious under black light and sometimes responds well to treatment.
    2. Dermal: Dermal melasma has a light brown or bluish color, a blurry border, appears no differently under black light and doesn’t respond well to treatment.
    3. Mixed melasma: Mixed melasma, which is the most common of the three, has both bluish and brown patches, shows a mixed pattern under black light and shows some response to treatment.

    Treatment & Management

     Melasma can be stubborn and difficult to treat effectively. A dermatologist can help determine the best course of action.

    Sun Protection: 
    Essential, including broad-spectrum SPF 50+, hats, and avoiding midday sun. 
    Topical Treatments: Can involve prescription creams, chemical peels, or laser therapy, often needing long-term maintenance.  Medicated creams, such as hydroquinone, tretinoin, and azelaic acid, are common treatments that help lighten the dark patches by reducing melanin production.
    Procedures: For persistent cases, in-office procedures like chemical peels, microdermabrasion, or certain laser therapies may be recommended, though these should only be performed by a board-certified dermatologist due to potential risks, especially in darker skin tones.
    In many cases, especially when triggered by pregnancy or medication, melasma may fade on its own after the trigger is removed. However, without strict sun avoidance, it can easily return.
    This article is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional or connect us at query@gtsmeditour.com or whatsapp on +91 9164822440  for free second opinion and best treatment options .
    Thank you..!

Viral Fever / Infection

Sep 12, 2025 Posted by admin General Health 0 comments

Overview

Viral fever is not a disease but a symptom of viral infections. It occurs when the body detects the presence of a virus and triggers an immune response by raising the body temperature. This elevated temperature creates an unfavourable environment for the virus, helping the immune system fight off the infection.

Viral fever can manifest differently depending on the type of virus and the systems it affects. For instance:

  • Respiratory viruses may cause symptoms such as sore throat, cough, and congestion.
  • Mosquito-borne viruses like dengue or Zika often present with fever, rash, and joint pain.
  • Gastrointestinal viruses like rotavirus may lead to fever accompanied by diarrhoea and vomiting.

All of us will get viral infections at some point. But you’re at increased risk of serious illness from certain types of viruses if you:

  • Are under 5 or over 65.
  • Have certain health conditions, like diabetes, asthma, COPD or other chronic lung disease.
  • Have a weakened immune system (from HIV/AIDS, cancer or immunosuppressive medications).
  • Are pregnant.

While most viral fevers resolve within a few days, some may last longer or lead to complications, underscoring the importance of understanding and managing this condition.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a viral infection depend on where you’re infected, but some common ones include:

  • Flu-like symptoms: fever, head and body aches, fatigue.
  • Upper respiratory symptoms: sore throat, cough, sneezing.
  • Digestive symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
  • Skin conditions: rashes, sores, blisters, warts.

Causes

Viral fever is caused by various types of viruses that invade the body and trigger an immune response. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the common causes:

  1. Respiratory Viruses:
    • Influenza Virus: Causes seasonal flu with fever, cough, and body aches.
    • Rhinovirus: Common cause of the common cold, often accompanied by mild fever.
    • Coronavirus: Includes strains like SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), which may lead to severe symptoms.
  2. Mosquito-Borne Viruses:
    • Dengue Virus: Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causing high fever, rash, and joint pain.
    • Zika Virus: Known for fever and its association with birth defects in pregnant women.
    • Chikungunya Virus: Characterized by fever and severe joint pain.
  3. Gastrointestinal Viruses:
    • Rotavirus: Common in children, causing diarrhea and fever.
    • Norovirus: Highly contagious, leading to stomach pain, vomiting, and fever.
  4. Exanthematic Viruses (causing skin rashes):
    • Measles Virus: High fever with characteristic red rashes.
    • Rubella Virus: Milder fever with a pink rash.
  5. Bloodborne Viruses:
    • Hepatitis Viruses: Hepatitis A, B, and C can cause fever along with liver inflammation.
    • HIV: Fever is often one of the early manifestations of HIV infection.
  6. Modes of Transmission:
    • Airborne Transmission: Spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
    • Direct Contact: Transmission through touching contaminated surfaces or close contact with an infected individual.
    • Vector Transmission: Carried by vectors like mosquitoes or ticks.

Diagnosis

Types of samples they might take include:

  • Blood.
  • Spit (saliva).
  • Phlegm or mucus (sputum).
  • Cells from your nose or nasopharynx (nasal/nasopharyngeal swab).
  • Skin or other affected tissue.
  • Fluid around your brain and spinal cord (CNS fluid).
  • Pee (urine).
  • Poop (stool).
  • Cells from your cervix (Pap smear). Pap smears can find HPV, a virus that can cause cancer. The kind of HPV that can lead to cancer doesn’t usually have symptoms.

Duration of Viral Fever

The duration of viral fever depends on the virus and the individual’s immune response:

  1. Mild Cases
    • Typically last 3–5 days.
    • Symptoms like fatigue and mild fever resolve quickly with rest and hydration.
  2. Moderate Cases
    • Can persist for 7–10 days.
    • Common in infections like influenza or dengue, where body aches and fever may linger.
  3. Severe Cases
    • Duration may exceed two weeks.
    • Severe viral infections like COVID-19 or hemorrhagic fevers may require prolonged care.

Post-viral fatigue, where individuals feel weak and tired for weeks after the fever resolves, is also common and typically improves with adequate rest and nutrition.

Management and Treatment

Medications a healthcare provider might prescribe to treat viral infections include antiviral medications, convalescent plasma and post-exposure prophylaxis.

Specific medications are only available for a few viral infections. For viruses that can cause life-threatening or chronic illness, a provider may prescribe antiviral medications or treatment that prevents you from getting sick after being exposed to a virus.

For infections that rarely cause serious illness, like the common cold, you can usually treat the symptoms at home while you wait for them to go away on their own.

Conclusion

Viral fever is a common condition that requires careful management. By understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatments, you can recover faster and prevent complications. While most viral fevers resolve on their own, severe cases require medical intervention. Practicing good hygiene, staying hydrated, and seeking timely medical care are key to managing viral fever effectively.

Please feel free to contact us for further medical management  abroad via email query@gtsmeditour.com

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